[Federal Register: January 7, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 4)]
[Notices]
[Page 748-753]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr07ja03-18]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
[030102001-3001-01]
United States Climate Change Science Program
AGENCY: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
ACTION: Notice of availability and request for public comment.
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SUMMARY: The United States Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) is
announcing the availability of a draft document ``Strategic Plan for
the Climate Change Science Program.'' The complete draft strategic plan
was posted on the CCSP web site at http://www.climatescience.gov for
public comment on November 11, 2002. The CCSP is seeking public comment
in order to receive feedback from the widest range of interested
parties. This draft document is being issued for comment only and is
not intended for interim use. The CCSP will review public comments
received on the draft document. In response to those comments,
suggested changes will be incorporated, where appropriate, and a final
document will be issued for use.
In your review, we ask you to provide a perspective on the content,
implications, and challenges outlined in the plan as well as
suggestions for any alternate approach you wish to have considered, and
the types of climate and global change information required by policy
makers and resource managers. We also ask that you comment on any
inconsistencies within or across chapters, and omissions of important
topics. For any shortcomings that you note in the draft, please propose
specific remedies.
In your comments, please consider the following issues: (1)
Overview on the content, implications, and challenges outlined in the
plan; (2) areas of agreement and disagreement, as appropriate; (3)
suggestions for alternative approaches, if appropriate; (4)
inconsistencies within or across chapters; (5) omissions of important
topics; (6) specific remedies for identified shortcomings of the draft
plan; (7) type of climate and global change information required by
representative groups; (8) other comments not covered above. Please do
not comment on grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Professional copy
editing will correct deficiencies in these areas for the final draft.
Please follow these instructions for preparing and submitting your
review. Using the format guidance described below will facilitate our
processing of reviewer comments and assure that your comments are
appropriately considered. Please provide background information about
yourself on the first page of your comments: your name(s),
organization(s), area(s) of expertise, mailing address(es), telephone
and fax numbers, and email address(es). Overview comments on the
chapter should follow your background information and should be
numbered. Comments that are specific to particular pages, paragraphs or
lines of the chapter should follow your overview comments and should
identify the page and line numbers to which they apply. Comments that
refer to a table or figure should identify the table or figure number.
In the case of tables, please also identify the row and column to which
the comment refers. Order your comments sequentially by page and line
number. At the end of each comment, please insert your name and
affiliation. An example of the format is provided on the CCSP web site
at: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/comments.htm.
DATES: Comments on this draft document should be submitted by January
18, 2003. Comments received after that date will be considered to the
extent practicable. All comments submitted will be posted on the CCSP
web site for public review.
ADDRESSES: The Strategic Plan for the Climate Change Science Program is
available on the CCSP web site at: http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/.
A free single copy of the Plan will be
available to interested parties until the supply is exhausted. Such
copies may be requested by writing to the U.S. Climate Change Science
Program, Suite 250, 1717 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20006
or submitting e-mail to information@climatescience.gov.
All comments should be sent electronically to
comments@climatescience.gov or to Ms. Sandy MacCracken, U.S. Climate
Change Science Program, Suite 250, 1717 Pennsylvania Ave., NW.,
Washington, DC 20006.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ms. Sandy MacCracken, U.S. Climate
Change Science Program, Suite 250, 1717 Pennsylvania Ave., NW.,
Washington, DC 20006. (Phone: 202-223-6262, Fax: 202-223-3065, e-mail:
smaccrac@usgcrp.gov); or visit the CCSP Web site at http://www.climatescience.gov
.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Scientists recognized the existence of a
natural ``greenhouse effect'' and the possibility of human-induced
changes in the Earth's climate and environment as early as the 19th
century and, over time, this possibility has become widely accepted. In
the last decades of the 20th century, public debate about the
contribution of human activities to observed climate change and
potential future changes in climate, and about courses of action to
manage risks to humans and the environment, has been active and
frequently contentious. These debates cover a range of both science and
policy issues, including the extent to which global temperatures have
in fact changes; whether most of the observed overall change in
temperature of the last 50 years is attributable to human activities
(principally the burning of biomass and fossil fuels and changes in
land cover); how much climate might change in the future; and
[[Page 749]]
whether proposed response strategies, such as reductions in emissions
or efforts to enhance natural carbon sequestration processes, would
produce economic or other effects more detrimental than the effects of
climate change itself.
Science-based information is required to inform public debate on
the wide range of climate and global change issues necessary for
effective public policy and stewardship of natural resources.
Developing the needed information will require addressing a wide-
ranging set of fundamental science questions, significantly improving
observations and data management, and implementing highly credible and
transparent mechanism for conveying research results in ways that are
useful for decisionmakers and the public.
1. The Issues for Science and Society
Environmental systems on Earth are changing constantly. The climate
system is highly variable, with conditions varying significantly over
the span of seasons, years, decades, and longer timescales.
Fluctuations in the amount of energy emitted by the Sun, slight
deviations in the Earth's orbit, volcanic injections of gases and
particles into the atmosphere, and natural variations in ocean
temperatures and currents, all cause variability and changes in climate
conditions.
Against the backdrop of these natural forces, humans have become
agents of environmental change, at least on timescales of decades to
centuries, even as living standards for billions of people have
improved tremendously. Emission of greenhouse gases and pollutants and
extensive changes in the land surface (both tied to widespread
development of modern living standards) have potential consequences for
global and regional climate. They also influence air quality, the
Earth's protective shield of stratospheric ozone, the distribution and
abundance of water resources and many plant and animal species, and the
ability of ecosystems to provide life-supporting goods and services.
The challenge is that discerning whether human activities are
causing observed climatic changes and impacts requires detecting a
small, decade-by-decade trend against the backdrop of wide temperature
changes that occur on shorter timescales (seasons to years). A sound
base of observations, as well as a solid understanding of how the
Earth's environmental systems respond to different natural and human
forces, is essential to detecting and attributing climate change to any
specific cause. Currently, measurements taken at the Earth's surface,
in various layers of the atmosphere, in boreholes, in the oceans, and
in other environmental systems such as the cryosphere (frozen regions)
indicate that the climate is warming. Further, in Climate Change
Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions (NRC, 2001a), the National
Research Council (NRC), the operational arm of the National Academy of
Sciences (NAS), concluded that ``the changes observed over the last
several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we
cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a
reflection of natural variability.'' The NRC report elaborates on this
point:
Because of the large and still uncertain level of natural
variability inherent in the climate record and the uncertainties in the
time histories of the various forcing agents (and particularly
aerosols), a causal linkage between the buildup of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere and the observed climate changes during the 20th century
cannot be unequivocally established. The fact that the magnitude of the
observed warming is large in comparison to natural variability as
simulated in climate models is suggestive of such a linkage, but it
does not constitute proof of one because the model simulations could be
deficient in natural variability on the decadal to century time scale.
The warming that has been estimated to have occurred in response to the
buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is somewhat greater than
the observed warming. At least some of this excess warming has been
offset by the cooling effect of sulfate aerosols, and in any case one
should not necessarily expect an exact correspondence because of the
presence of natural variability.
Apparently contradicting the evidence of warming are
inconsistencies in the observational record, particularly related to
the differences between temperature trends measured at the surface and
measurements taken from satellite observations of the lower- to mid-
troposphere, which show no significant warming trends in the last two
decades of the 20th century. Reconciling these differences and
improving observational capabilities remains an important challenge
with significant potential implications for decisionmaking.
But the issues extend beyond those of ``detection and attribution''
to projecting how climate and other related environmental conditions
could change in the future. Confidence in such projections is tied to
knowledge of basic climate processes and natural variability, the
ability of climate models to represent accurately these processes, and
the ability of models to represent interactions of natural processes
and any human-induced changes in the climate system.
Improving the capability to project future climate conditions would
be of significant economic and social value. Consider, for example, the
benefits of improved forecasts of the onset of the El Ni[ntilde]o-
Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO is a large-scale climate oscillation
in the equatorial Pacific Ocean that changes phase every few years. Its
effects reverberate through the global climate system to affect
precipitation and temperature in many regions of the world. Armed with
a basic understanding of the processes involved, scientists intensified
systematic observations and improved their models, and by the late
1990s could successfully forecast some conditions months in advance.
While much additional work is required to improve ENSO forecasts, some
climatic features can now be accurately predicted, with significant
societal benefits. In the United States, decisionmakers are able to
better estimate energy requirements, prepare for storms, manage water
resources, anticipate where damage recovery efforts will be required,
and foresee other potential impacts. In countries in South America,
Africa, and other regions of the world, resource planners and managers
are applying model results to develop agricultural plans, anticipate
potential food surpluses and shortages, and prepare for other impacts.
Such as planning has already reduced suffering and saved crops that
would have otherwise been lost to drought and other ENSO effects.
Improving the ability to project long-term trends in climate and
related conditions is important to understanding the effects of
different types and amounts of natural and human forcing, such as that
due to different levels of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions.
Therefore, anticipating how possible future forcing could affect the
climate requires development of complex computer models that
incorporate the many features of the climate system and their
interactions. Such models have been under construction for decades, and
require ongoing observations and research into basic processes to fuel
their continued improvement. Already, large-scale features of climate
can be simulated, but many significant uncertainties remain to be
addressed. Current models project significantly different increases in
the global average surface temperature, from approximately 1 [deg]C
during the 21st century to more than 5 [deg]C during the
[[Page 750]]
same period. This range of uncertainty incorporates both different
estimates of climate sensitivity (the increase in temperature that
results from a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide
(CO2)) and a wide range in projections of future greenhouse
gas emissions. Reducing uncertainty in climate models will involve
improving understanding of the role of clouds in different parts of the
atmosphere; improving characterization of the circulation and
interaction of energy in the atmosphere and oceans; improving
understanding of the Earth's natural carbon cycle; developing more
detailed representations of features of the feedbacks from the land
surface; incorporating additional types of forcing agents (e.g.,
``black carbon''); and making progress on other fundamental challenges.
Improved projections of climate changes on decadal or longer timescales
are also important for many areas of planning and resource management
where decisions made today have implications for decades to come.
However, at this point, modeled projections of the future regional
impacts of global climate change are often contradictory and are not
sufficiently reliable tools for planning.
Even if the scientific community were to develop a ``perfect''
model of the global climate, it would not be possible to predict the
level and rate of future changes in climate resulting from human
activities. This is because these activities are not predetermined, but
rather depend on human choices, which will, in turn, affect future
climate conditions. The activities in question-energy-related emissions
of greenhouse gases; changing the surface of the land through clearing,
conversion, and growth of different land covers; and the release of
chemicals (both natural and human-made) that alter the productivity of
the land and the oceans--all depend on a more basic set of human
driving forces. These include population growth, living standards,
characteristics of technology, and institutions (e.g., market
conditions). While we cannot predict these conditions, we can use a
different set of models to project the climatic and environmental
consequences of different combinations of basic human driving forces.
These models are useful for performing ``If * * *, then * * *''
scenario experiments that make it possible to begin to explore the
potential implications of different technological and institutional
conditions for future emissions, climate, and living standards.
Improving our ability to project potential future variations and
changes in climate and environmental conditions, subject to assumptions
about natural and human forcing, could enable governments, businesses,
and communities to reduce damages and seize opportunities to benefit
from changing conditions by adapting infrastructure, activities, and
plans. But realizing this potential will require sustained research and
improved understanding of the interactions among climate, natural and
managed environmental systems, and human activities. Scientific
research needs to address a range of issues.
The complexity of the Earth's environmental systems, the unique
conditions that they provide for life, and the state of these systems,
including potential impacts on society, make climate and global change
among the most important issues for our generation, and perhaps for
generations to come. Given what is at stake, the Nation and the
international community need the best possible science to inform public
debate and decisionmaking in government and the private sector.
2. The Research Program
In February 2002, President George W. Bush announced the formation
of a new management structure, the Climate Change Science Program
(CCSP), to coordinate and provide direction to US research efforts in
the areas of climate and global change. These efforts include the US
Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), which began as a Presidential
initiative in 1989 and was codified by Congress in the Global Change
Research Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-606), and the Climate Change Research
Initiative (CCRI), which was announced by the President in June 2001 to
reduce significant uncertainties in climate science, improve global
climate observing systems, and develop resources to support policy- and
decisionmaking. Departments and agencies of the US Government that
participate in the CCSP include the Departments of Agriculture,
Commerce (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the
National Institute of Science and Technology), Defense, Energy, Health
and Human Services, Interior (US Geological Survey), State, and
Transportation; the Agency for International Development, the
Environmental Protection Agency; the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; the National Science Foundation; and the Smithsonian
Institution. The Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Council
on Environmental Quality, and the Office of Management and Budget
provide oversight on behalf of the Executive Office of the President.
The CCRI provides a distinct focus to the overall research program.
The focus is defined by a set of uncertainties about the global climate
system that have been identified by policymakers and analyzed by the
NRC (NRC, 2001a). Areas addressed in the NRC report include climate
observations, aerosols, North American carbon sources and sinks,
climate feedbacks and modeling, scenarios of human-induced forcing, and
development of methodologies for risk management. The CCRI is described
more completely in Part I of this draft strategic plan.
The CCRI accelerates key areas of research that have been under
development over the past thirteen years in the USGCRP. Over this
period, the United States has made a large scientific investment--
totaling more than $20 billion in the areas of climate change and
global change research. With these resources, research programs
supported by the agencies that participate in the USGCRP, in
collaboration with several other national and international science
programs, have mounted extensive space-based, surface, and in situ (at
fixed sites) systems for global observations and monitoring of climate
and ecosystems variables; have documented and characterized several
important aspects of the sources, sinks, abundances, and lifetimes of
greenhouse gases; have begun to address the complex issues surrounding
various aerosol species that may significantly influence climate; have
advanced our understanding of global water and carbon cycles (but with
major remaining uncertainties); and have developed several approaches
to computer modeling of global climate. The program has been a
comprehensive, interagency collaboration that has facilitated
scientific discovery. Program results have revealed and addressed many
of the complex interactions of climate and other environmental systems,
and have started to lay the foundation for understanding the
relationships between natural variability and human activities that may
contribute to change. US researchers have developed fundamental
insights into how the climate and Earth system functions: Insights that
are incorporated into advanced models throughout the world. The USGCRP
is described more completely in Part II of this draft strategic plan.
CCSP's management will balance the CCRI's near-term focus on
climate change with the USGCRP's breadth, creating a program that both
accelerates development of answers to scientific
[[Page 751]]
aspects of key climate policy issues and support advances in knowledge
of the physical, biological, and chemical processes that influence the
Earth system. This breadth is required to continue improving our
understanding of the complex interrelationships among a broad set of
systems that regulate climate and the global environment, as described
in NRC's seminal report, Global Environmental Change: Research Pathways
for the Next Decade (NRC, 1999a). The Pathways report lays out a
framework of research questions that has significantly influenced the
development of this strategic plan. Other reports issued by several
boards, committees, and panels of the NRC have advised the USGCRP on
specific aspects of climate and global change research and have
influenced specific components of its research strategy. Indeed, the
program has benefited from extensive interaction with the NRC, which is
responsible for evaluating the USCGRP periodically for scientific
merit.
By investigating a targeted yet comprehensive set of questions, the
CCSP seeks to focus attention on key climate changes issues that are
important for public debate and decisionmaking, while maintaining
sufficient breadth to facilitate the discovery of the unexpected.
Establishing a careful balance between focus and breadth is essential
if scientists are to develop knowledge of the interactions between
natural variability and potential human impacts on the Earth system.
This is an important management issue for the program and is a
prerequisite for making as effective and productive use as possible of
the significant resources allocated to this purpose. Establishing this
balance, and a rational sequencing of research priorities and
potentials, will require input from both decisionmaking and the science
community.
3. Guiding Principles for CCSP
To fulfill its mission as the publicly sponsored research program
addressing climate change issues for the United States, the CCSP must
continuously adhere to three guiding principles that underpin the
objectivity, integrity, and usefulness of its research and reporting:
(i) The scientific analyses conducted by the CCSP are policy
relevant but not policy driven. CCSP scientific analyses (including
measurements, models, projections, and interpretations) are directed
toward continually improving our understanding of climate, ecosystems,
land use, technological changes, and their interactions. In developing
projections of possible future conditions, the CCSP addresses questions
in the form of ``If * * *, then * * *'' analyses. Policy and resource
management decisions are the responsibility of government officials who
must integrate many other considerations with available scientific
information.
(ii) CCSP analyses should specifically evaluate and report
uncertainty. All of science, and all decisionmaking, involves
uncertainty. Uncertainty need not be a basis for inaction; however,
scientific uncertainty should be carefully described in CCSP reports as
an aid to the public and decisionmakers.
(iii) CCSP analyses, measurements, projections and interpretations
should meet two goals: Scientific credibility and lucid public
communication. Scientific communications by the CCSP must maintain a
high standard of methods, reporting, uncertainty analysis, and peer
review. CCSP public reports must be carefully developed to provide
objective and useful summaries of findings.
4. The Research Strategy
This draft strategic plan for the CCSP, incorporating both the
USGCRP and the CCRI, is built around a carefully constructed set of
questions and objectives for each of the major areas of the program.
Primary research questions that focus on broad science issues are
supported by more detailed questions and objectives that can be
addressed in specific research initiatives and projects. For each major
question addressed, the strategy includes a very brief description of
the state of knowledge, subsidiary questions, descriptions of products
and deliverables, information of activities and infrastructure needed
to make progress, and the benefits or ``payoffs'' from research. For
each major program area, linkages to important national and
international research activities are also described.
This plan should be considered a draft subject to substantial
revision through public comment and independent review by the NAS.
Part I of the plan describes the components of the CCRI as
discussed above. These are organized into three broad programmatic
areas: (1) Research focused on key climate change uncertainties; (2)
Climate quality observations, monitoring, and data management; and (3)
Resources for decision support.
Part II of the plan describes major research questions about how
the components of Earth's environmental system function, how the system
may change in response to human and natural forcing, and what the
implications of these changes may be for a variety of human activities
and natural environments and resources. For each major research
question, a state of knowledge, illustrative research questions,
research needs, and a list of products and payoffs are described. The
specific topics addressed and their corresponding major research
questions are:
(1) Atmospheric Composition
Question 1: What are the climate-relevant chemical and radiative
properties, and spatial and temporal distributions, of human-caused and
naturally occurring aerosols?
Question 2: What is the current quantitative skill for simulating
the atmospheric budgets of the growing suite of chemically active
greenhouse gases and their implications for the Earth's energy balance?
Question 3: What are the effects of regional pollution on the
global atmosphere and the effects of global climate and chemical change
on regional air quality and atmospheric chemical inputs to ecosystems?
Question 4: What are the time scale and other characteristics of
the recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in response to declining
abundances of ozone-depleting gases and increasing abundances of
greenhouse gases?
Question 5: What ate the couplings among climate change, air
pollution, and ozone layer depletion, which were once considered as
separate issues?
(2) Climate Variability and Change
Question 1: What is the sensitivity of climate change projections
to feedbacks in the climate system?
Question 2: To what extent can predictions of near-term climate
fluctuations and projections of long-term climate change be improved,
and what can be done to extend knowledge of the limits of
predictability?
Question 3: What is the likelihood of climate-induced changes that
are significantly more abrupt than expected, such as the collapse of
the thermohaline circulation or rapid melting of the major ice sheets?
Question 4: Whether and how are the frequencies, intensities, and
locations of extreme events, such as major droughts, floods, wildfires,
heat waves, and hurricanes, altered by natural climate variations and
human-induced climate changes?
Question 5: How can interactions between producers and users of
climate variability and change information be optimally structured to
ensure essential
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information needed for formulating adaptive management strategies is
identified and provided to decisionmakers and policymakers?
(3) The Global Water Cycle
Question 1: To what extent does the water cycle vary and change
with time, and what are the internal mechanisms and external forcing
factors, including human activities, responsible for variability and
change?
Question 2: How do feedback processes control the interactions
between the global water cycle and other parts of the climate system
(e.g., carbon cycle, energy), and how are these feedbacks changing over
time?
Question 3: What are the key uncertainties in seasonal to
interannual predictions and long-term projections of water cycle
variables, and what improvements are needed in global and regional
models to reduce these uncertainties?
Question 4: How do the water cycle and its variability affect the
availability and quality of water supplied for human consumption,
economic activity, agriculture, and natural ecosystems; and how do its
interactions and variability affect sediment and nutrient transports,
and the movement of toxic chemicals and other biogeochemical
substances?
Question 5: What are the consequences of global water cycle
variability and change, at a range of temporal and spatial scales, for
human societies and ecosystems? How can the results of global water
cycle research be used to inform policy and water resource management
decision processes?
(4) Land Use and Land Cover Change
Question 1: What are the primary drivers of land use and land cover
change?
Question 2: What tools or methods are needed to allow for better
characterization of historic and current land use and land cover
characteristics and dynamics?
Question 3: What advances are required to allow for the projection
of land use and land cover patterns and characteristics 10-50 years
into the future?
Question 4: How can projections be made of potential land cover and
land use change over the next 10-50 years for use in models of impacts
on the environment, social and economic systems, and human health?
Question 5: What are the combined effects of climate and land use
and land cover change and what are the potential feedbacks?
(5) The Global Carbon Cycle
Question 1: What are the magnitudes and distributions of North
American carbon sources and sinks and what are the processes
controlling their dynamics?
Question 2: What are the magnitudes and distributions of ocean
carbon sources and sinks on seasonal to centennial time scales, and
which processes control their dynamics?
Question 3: What are the magnitudes and distributions of global
terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric carbon sources and sinks and are
they changing over time?
Question 4: What are the effects of past, present, and future land
use change and resource management practices on carbon sources and
sinks?
Question 5: What will be the future atmospheric carbon dioxide and
methane concentrations, and how will terrestrial and marine carbon
sources and sinks change in the future?
Question 6: How will the Earth system, and its different
components, respond to various options being considered by society for
managing carbon in the environment, and what scientific information is
needed for evaluating these options?
(6) Ecosystems
Question 1: What are the most important linkages and feedbacks
between ecosystems and global change (especially climate), and what are
their quantitative relationships?
Question 2: What are the potential consequences of global change
for ecosystems and the delivery of their goods and services?
Question 3: What are the options for sustaining and improving
ecosystem goods and services valued by societies, given projected
global changes?
(7) Human Contributions and Responses to Environmental Change
Question 1: What are the magnitudes, interrelationships, and
significance of the primary human drivers of change in atmospheric
composition and the climate system, changes in land use and land cover,
and other changes in the global environment?
Question 2: What are the current and potential future impacts of
global environmental variability and change on human welfare, what
factors influence the capacity of human societies to respond to change,
and how can resilience be increased and vulnerability reduced?
Question 3: How can the methods and capabilities for societal
decisionmaking under conditions of complexity and uncertainty about
global environmental variability and change be enhanced?
Question 4: What are the potential human health effects of global
environmental change, and what tools and climate and environmental
information are needed to assess and address the cumulative risk to
health from these effects?
In addition, the final chapter in Part II is devoted to Grand
challenges in modeling, observations, and information systems.
Modeling, observations, and data and information dissemination are
crosscutting, ``enabling'' activities and are tightly coupled to the
seven research elements. These are needs that are particular to a given
research area and must be planned and implemented in close association
with the research that they support or draw on. However, they also need
to be managed in a focused manner because they provide essential
infrastructure that must serve multiple purposes within the CCSP-
enabling fundamental research, as well as supporting assessment and
decisionmaking--and because they depend on the distributed assets of
CCSP agencies, some of which were originally developed to serve other
needs.
Part III of the plan describes communication, cooperation, and
management issues that cut across all areas of the program. The
specific topics addressed are:
(1) Reporting and Outreach
Inventory of Existing Agency Activities
Reporting and Outreach for Decisionmakers
Reporting and Outreach for the Public
Outreach for K-12 Education
(2) International Research and Cooperation
Goals of International Cooperation in Climate Science
The International Framework
Bilateral Cooperation in Climate Change Research and Technology
Multilateral International Cooperation in Research and Observational
Programs
Regional Cooperation In Global Change Research
U.S. Plans And Objectives For Future International Cooperation
(3) Program Management and Review
Scientific Guidance
Interagency Planning and Implementation
Program Integration
References
NRC, 1999a. Committee on Global Change Research, National
Research Council, Global
[[Page 753]]
Environmental Change: Research Pathways for the Next Decade
(Washington, DC: National Academy Press).
NRC, 2001a. National Research Council, Committee on the Science
of Climate Change, Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key
Questions (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).
James R. Mahoney,
Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere and Director, U.S.
Climate Change Science Program.
[FR Doc. 03-292 Filed 1-6-03; 8:45 am]