[Federal Register: February 27, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 39)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 9115-9479]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr27fe03-17]
[[Page 9115]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II
Department of the Interior
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fish and Wildlife Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation or
Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 Plant Species From the
Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI; Final Rule
[[Page 9116]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AG71
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designation
or Nondesignation of Critical Habitat for 95 Plant Species From the
Islands of Kauai and Niihau, HI
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate
critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 83 of the 95 species known historically from the
Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Niihau. A total of approximately 21,266
hectares (ha) (52,549 acres (ac)) of land on the island of Kauai and
144 ha (357 ac) of land on the island of Niihau fall within the
boundaries of the 217 critical habitat units designated for the 83
species. This critical habitat designation requires the Service to
consult under section 7 of the Act with regard to actions carried out,
funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act
requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts when
specifying any particular area as critical habitat. This rule also
determines that designating critical habitat would not be prudent for
seven species. We solicited data and comments from the public on all
aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other
impacts of the designation.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on March 31, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile
808/541-3470).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12),
there are 95 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the islands of Kauai and/or Niihau (Table 1). Fifty-seven of these
species are endemic to the islands of Kauai and Niihau, while 38
species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Kauai
and/or Niihau. Each of these species is described in more detail below
in the section, ``Discussion of Plant Taxa.'' Although we considered
designating critical habitat on Kauai for each of the 95 plant species,
for the reasons described below, the final designation includes
critical habitat for 83 of 95 plant species. Species that also occur on
other islands may have critical habitat designated on other islands in
subsequent rulemakings.
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 95 Species From Kauai and Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Island distribution
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species N.W. Isles,
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua (liliwai)......... H .............. .............. .............. H .............. .....................
Achyranthes mutica (NCN*)....... H .............. .............. .............. .............. C .....................
Adenophorus periens (pendent C H C R R C .....................
kihi fern).
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)... C C C .............. C .............. .....................
Alsinidendron lychnoides C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
(kuawawaenohu).
Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN).... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)......... C C H C C C .....................
Brighamia insignis (olulu)...... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Ni (C)
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)... C C C C C .............. .....................
Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN)...... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)..... H C C C C H .....................
Cyanea asarifolia (haha)........ C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Cyanea recta (haha)............. C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Cyanea remyi (haha)............. C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Cyanea undulata (NCN)........... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa).. C C H H .............. .............. Ni (C)
Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Cyrtandra limahuliensis C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
(haiwale).
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN).... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Delissea rivularis (oha)........ C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Delissea undulatra (NCN)........ C .............. .............. .............. H C Ni (H)
Diellia erecta (NCN)............ C C C H C C .....................
Diellia pallida (NCN)........... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)..... H H H H C .............. .....................
Dubautia latifolia (koholapehu). C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae).. C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko)... C C .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Exocarpos luteolus (heau)....... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) C C H .............. C C .....................
Gouania meyenii (NCN)........... C C .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi)....... C H H .............. .............. H .....................
Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
beach hedyotis).
Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN).... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
kuahiwi).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau H C H C C C Ka (R)
hele).
[[Page 9117]]
Hibiscus clayi (Clay's hibiscus) C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
(kokio keokeo).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo C H C .............. C C .....................
ischaemum).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) C C .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) C C .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine ............... H H H H C Ni (H)
noho kula).
Kokia kauaiensis (kokio)........ C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala).. C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Labordia tinifolia var. C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
wahiawaensis (kamakahala).
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)....... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)..... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .....................
Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)... C
Lobelia niihauensis............. C C .............. .............. .............. .............. Ni (H)
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)...... C C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN).... H H .............. .............. C H NW (C)
Melicope haupuensis (alani)..... C
Melicope knudsenii (alani)...... C .............. .............. .............. C
Melicope pallida (alani)........ C C
Melicope quadrangularis (alani). H
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)... C
Myrsine linearifolia (kolea).... C
Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea).... C
Panicum niihauense (lau ehu).... C .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Ni (H)
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou).. C C C .............. C ..............
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) H .............. .............. .............. C C
Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) H C
Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN).... C
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN)...... C
Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN)...... C
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuaj) C C C .............. C H
Platanthera holochila (NCN)..... C H C .............. C
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)... C
Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian C
bluegrass).
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN)......... C
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ............... .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Ni (C)
(wahane).
Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu). C
Pritchardia viscosa loulu....... C
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)... C
Remya kauaiensis (NCN).......... C
Remya montgomeryi (NCN)......... C
Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli).. C
Schiedea helleri (NCN).......... C
Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN)....... C
Schiedea membranacea (NCN)...... C
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)........ C C C .............. R
Schiedea spergulina var. C
leiopoda (NCN).
Schiedea spergulina var. C
spergulina (NCN).
Schiedea stellarioides (NCN).... C
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)....... C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW
Isles (C)
Silene lanceolata (NCN)......... H C C H .............. C
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku H .............. H H H C
mai).
Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, C H
popolo).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)... C C C C C C
Stenogyne campanulata (NCN)..... C
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)......... ............... H C C C C Ni (H), Ka, (C)
Viola helenae (NCN)............. C
Viola kauaiensis var. C
wahiawaensis (nani waialeale).
Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau)... C
Xylosma crenatum (NCN).......... C
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)..... C .............. C H C C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations
* NCN--No Common Name
[[Page 9118]]
The Islands of Kauai and Niihau
Because of its age and relative isolation, Kauai has levels of
floristic diversity and endemism that are higher than on any other
island in the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation on Kauai
has undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use.
Land with rich soils was altered by the early Hawaiians and, more
recently, converted to agricultural use or pasture. Intentional or
inadvertent introduction of nonnative plant and animal species has also
contributed to the reduction of native vegetation on the island of
Kauai. Native forests are now limited to the upper elevation mesic
(moist) and wet regions within Kauai's Conservation District. The land
that supports the habitat essential to the conservation of the 83 plant
taxa is owned by various private parties, the State of Hawaii
(including State parks, forest reserves, natural area reserves, and a
wilderness area), and the Federal government. Most of the taxa included
in this final rule persist on steep slopes, precipitous cliffs, valley
headwalls, and other regions where unsuitable topography has prevented
agricultural development, or where inaccessibility has limited
encroachment by nonnative plant and animal species (Gagne and Cuddihy
1999).
Niihau's relative isolation and severe environmental conditions
have produced a few endemic species. Unfortunately, human disturbance,
primarily ungulate ranching, has drastically changed the vegetation and
hydrological parameters of the island, leaving few of the native
vegetation communities. Niihau has been privately owned since 1864 and
access has been, and continues to be, restricted (Department of
Geography 1998). Therefore, current information on plant locations and
population status is extremely limited.
Discussion of Plant Taxa
Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau
Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaenohu)
Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub, woody at
the base, with a dense covering of fine glandular hairs throughout.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color
of the sepals (modified leaves), number of flowers per cluster, and
size of the leaves. It is closely related to A. viscosum, which differs
primarily by having narrower leaves, fewer capsule valves (fruit
chambers), and fewer flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed with fruits during February. No
additional life history information for this species is currently known
(Service 1998a).
Historically, Alsinidendron lychnoides was found on the island of
Kauai on the east rim of Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the western and
southeastern margins of the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp
near Kaholuamano. Currently, there are four occurrences with a total of
eight individual plants. This species is extant on State-owned land in
the Alakai Swamp, the MohihiWaialae Trail, Keanapuka and Pihea in the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000;
Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000).
Alsinidendron lychnoides typically grows on steep riparian clay or
silty soil banks in montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha (ohia) and Cheirodendron spp. (olapa), or by M. polymorpha
and Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), at elevations between 828 and 1,344
meters (m) (2,715 and 4,408 feet (ft)). Associated native plant species
include Asplenium spp. (no common name (NCN)), Astelia spp. (painiu),
Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Carex spp. (NCN), Cyrtandra spp.
(haiwale), Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), Elaphoglossum spp. (ekaha),
Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Machaerina spp. (uki), Peperomia spp.
(ala ala wai nui), or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo) (61 FR 53070; Ken Wood,
National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from the
aggressive nonnative plant species Rubus argutus (prickly Florida
blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); trampling
by humans; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of extant individuals (61 FR 53070).
Alsinidendron viscosum (no common name (NCN))
Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub densely
covered with fine glandular hairs. This short-lived perennial species
is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the
weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of
flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to
A. lychnoides, which differs primarily in having wider leaves and more
capsule valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Alsinidendron viscosum has been observed in flower during January,
February, and April. No additional life history information for this
species is currently known (Service 1998a).
Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum was found at Kaholuamano,
Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai.
Currently, there are a total of seven occurrences containing about 319
individuals on the island of Kauai. These occurrences are on State-
owned land at the Halemanu-Kokee Trail, Mohihi-Waialae Trail, Kawaiiki
Valley, Waialae Falls, and Nawaimaka Valley in the Alakai Wilderness
Preserve, Kokee State Park, and the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53070).
Alsinidendron viscosum is typically found at elevations between 754
and 1,224 m (2,474 and 4,016 ft), on steep slopes in Acacia koa (koa)-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland and montane mesic forest. Associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis (maile), Asplenium
polyodon (punana manu), Bidens cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea spp.
(ahakea), Carex meyenii (NCN), Carex wahuensis (NCN), Coprosma spp.
(pilo), Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii),
Doodia kunthiana (ohupuku pulauii), Dryopteris glabra (kilau),
Dryopteris unidentata (akole), Dryopteris wallichiana (ionui), Dubautia
laevigata (naenae), Gahnia spp. (NCN), Ilex anomala (aiea), Melicope
spp. (alani), Panicum nephelophilum (konakona), Pleomele aurea (hala
pepe), Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum
(bracken fern), Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi), or Vaccinium
dentatum (ohelo) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are destruction of habitat by
feral pigs and goats (Capra hircus); competition with the nonnative
plant species Lantana camara (lantana), and Melinis minutiflora
(molasses grass), Rubus argutus; a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes; and reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and
individuals (61 FR 53070).
Brighamia insignis (olulu)
Brighamia insignis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is
bulbous at the bottom and
[[Page 9119]]
tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves.
This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic
Hawaiian genus with only one other species, B. rockii (pua ala),
presently known only on Molokai, from which it differs by the color of
its petals, its shorter calyx (sepals) lobes, and its longer flower
stalks (Lammers 1999; 59 FR 9304).
Current reproduction is not thought to be sufficient to sustain
populations of this species, with poor seedling establishment due to
competition with nonnative grasses as the limiting factor. Pollination
by native sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is likely; however,
pollination failure is common, due to either a lack of pollinators or a
reduction in genetic variability. The flower structure appears to favor
out-crossing (pollination between different parent plants). Some
vegetative cloning has been observed and flower and leaf size appear to
be dependent on moisture availability. Seeds of this species are
undoubtedly dispersed by gravity. Although they may be blown for short
distances, they are not adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid to
ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any sort of wing or outgrowth (Service
1995; 59 FR 9304).
Historically, Brighamia insignis was known from the headland
between Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along the Na Pali Coast on the
island of Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the island of Niihau.
Currently, there are a total of four occurrences containing a total of
about 42 to 62 individuals on the islands of Kauai and Niihau. It is
reported on State land (Hono O Na Pali Natural Area Reserve (NAR)) and
privately owned lands at Hoolulua and Waiahuakua Valleys, Haupu, and
Keopaweo, and on the privately owned island of Niihau (GDSI 2000; HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1995; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2000).
Brighamia insignis is found at elevations between 0 and 748 m (0
and 2,453 ft) on rocky ledges with little soil or on steep sea cliffs
in lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is
usually less than 165 centimeters (cm) (65 inches (in)). Associated
native plant species include Artemisia australis (ahinahina),
Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu),
Heteropogon contortus (pili grass), Hibiscus kokio (kokio), Hibiscus
kokio ssp. saintjohnianus (kokio), Lepidium serra (anaunau), Lipochaeta
succulenta (nehe), Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), or Sida fallax
(ilima) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this plant are browsing and habitat
degradation by feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the introduced
carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due
to the small number of individuals; restricted distribution; reduced
reproductive vigor; and competition from nonnative plant species such
as Ageratum conyzoides (maile hohono), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant),
Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum (strawberry
guava), Psidium guajava (guava), Setaria parviflora (yellow foxtail),
Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass), or Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi) (59
FR 9304).
Chamaesyce halemanui (NCN)
Chamaesyce halemanui, a short-lived perennial member of the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent (climbing) shrub. It is
distinguished from closely related species by its decussate leaves
(arranged in pairs at right angles to the next pair above or below),
persistent stipules (bract- or leaf-like structures), more compact
flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia (flower cluster), and smaller
capsules (Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999; 57 FR 20580).
Little is known about the life history of Chamaesyce halemanui. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui was found in Kauhao and Makaha
Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia
NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee State Park, and Olokele Canyon on
the island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of nine occurrences,
containing about 85 to 135 individuals, in Kuia Valley, Poopooiki
Valley, Kauhao Valley, Kaha Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waipio Falls,
Halemanu, and Kaluahaulu in the Kokee State Park, Kuia NAR, and Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Chamaesyce halemanui is typically found on the steep slopes of
gulches in mesic Acacia koa forests at elevations between 556 and 1,249
m (1,825 and 4,097 ft). Associated native plant species include
Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Asplenium
spp., Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis,
Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), Coprosma spp., Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama), Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia), Hedyotis
terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis (kokio), Leptecophylla tameiameiae
(pukiawe), Melicope haupuensis (alani), Metrosideros polymorpha,
Microlepia strigosa (palapalai), Panicum nephelophilum, Pisonia spp.
(papala kepau), Pittosporum spp. (hoawa), Pleomele aurea, Pouteria
sandwicensis (alaa), Psychotria greenwelliae (kopiko), Psychotria
mariniana (kopiko), or Santalum freycinetianum (iliahi) (57 FR 20580;
K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from nonnative
plants, such as Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, and Stenotaphrum
secundatum (St. Augustine grass); habitat degradation by feral pigs;
restricted distribution; small population size; increased potential for
extinction resulting from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes; and depressed reproductive vigor (57 FR
20580).
Cyanea asarifolia (haha)
Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub. This short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow
on Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the leaf width in proportion to
the length, and the presence of a leaf stalk (Lammers 1999; 59 FR
9304).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea asarifolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was known only from along the bank
of Anahola Stream on Kauai. Currently, two occurrences with
approximately four or five individuals are reported from the headwaters
of the Wailua River in central Kauai on State-owned land in the Lihue-
Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species typically grows in pockets of soil on sheer wet rock
cliffs and waterfalls in lowland wet forests at elevations between 182
and 1,212 m (597 and 3,976 ft). Associated native plant species include
ferns, Bidens spp. (kookoolau), Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Hedyotis
centranthoides (NCN), Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), Lysimachia filifolia
(kolokolo kuahiwi), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Metrosideros
polymorpha, or Panicum lineale (NCN) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to this species are a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes
[[Page 9120]]
and rock slides, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small
number of existing individuals; predation by introduced slugs and
rodents (roof rats (Rattus rattus) and mice (Mus musculus)); and
habitat degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304).
Cyanea recta (haha)
Cyanea recta, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
an unbranched shrub with densely hairy flowers. This short-lived
perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that
grow on Kauai by the following characteristics: horizontal or ascending
inflorescence; narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 cm (4.7 to 11 in)
long; flat leaf margins; and purple berries (Lammers 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea recta. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Cyanea recta was found in upper Hanalei Valley,
Waioli Valley, Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Wainiha Valley,
Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, Powerline Trail, and the Lehua
Makanoe-Alakai area on the island of Kauai. Currently, there is a total
of eight occurrences, with approximately 198 to 208 individuals, on
State and private lands in the following areas: Waioli Valley, the left
and right branches of Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, and Puu Eu,
including areas in Halelea Forest Reserve, Kealia Forest Reserve, and
the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha
forest or shrubland, usually in gulches or on slopes, and typically at
elevations between 234 and 1,406 m (768 and 4,613 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Cheirodendron
platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Dicranopteris linearis,
Diplazium spp. (NCN) , or Psychotria spp. (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are bark removal and other damage
by rats; habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by goats;
unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and competition with the
nonnative plant species Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), Clidemia
hirta (Koster's curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides (NCN), Deparia
petersenii (NCN), Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed), Lantana camara,
Melastoma candidum (NCN), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), Rubus
rosifolius (thimbleberry), Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), or
Youngia japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR 53070).
Cyanea remyi (haha)
Cyanea remyi, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is
a shrub with generally unbranched, unarmed (lacking prickles) stems
which are hairy toward the base. This short-lived perennial species is
distinguished from others in the genus that grow on Kauai by its
shrubby habit; relatively slender, unarmed stems; smooth or minutely
toothed leaves; densely hairy flowers; the shape of the calyx lobes;
length of the calyx and corolla; and length of the corolla lobe
relative to the floral tube (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea remyi. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown.
Currently, there are seven known occurrences with approximately 394
to 484 individuals among them on the island of Kauai. Cyanea remyi is
reported from Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Makaleha, Blue Hole,
Kawaikini, and Kapalaoa on privately and State-owned lands, including
the Halelea and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; Lammers and Lorence 1993; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Cyanea remyi is usually found in narrow drainages and wet
streambanks in lowland wet forest or shrubland at elevations between
215 and 1,167 m (704 and 3,829 ft). Associated native plant species
include various ``finger ferns'' (in the Grammitidaceae family) and
``filmy ferns'' (in the Hymenophyllaceae family), Adenophorus spp.
(NCN), Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens spp., Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron spp., Cyrtandra spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Eragrostis
grandis (kawelu), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Hedyotis terminalis,
Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Perrottetia
sandwicensis (olomea), Pipturus spp. (mamaki), Psychotria hexandra
(kopiko), Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia ha), Thelypteris spp.
(palapalaia), Touchardia latifolia (olona), or Urera glabra (opuhe) (61
FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with the
nonnative plant species Erechtites valerianifolia, Melastoma candidum,
Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, or Rubus rosifolius; habitat
degradation by feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation by rats;
unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due
to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070).
Cyanea undulata (haha)
Cyanea undulata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is an unbranched (or the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or subshrub
with fine rust-colored hairs covering the lower surface of the leaves.
Its undulating leaf margins distinguish the species from other Kauai
members of the genus (Lammers 1990, 1999).
Native members of the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including
the genus Cyanea, are generally believed to be adapted to pollination
by native nectar-eating passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian
``honeycreepers.'' The long, tubular, slightly curved flowers of C.
undulata fit this model, but field observations are lacking. The fleshy
orange fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal like other
species of Cyanea. Although recognized as a short-lived perennial
species, specific details of the life history of this species, such as
growth rates, age plants begin to flower, and longevity of plants, are
unknown (Lorence and Flynn 1991; Service 1994).
Historically, Cyanea undulata was known only from the Wahiawa Bog
area on Kauai. Currently, one occurrence with a total of 28 individuals
is reported on privately owned land along the bank of a tributary of
the Wahiawa Stream in the Wahiawa drainage (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
Cyanea undulata typically grows in narrow drainages and wet
streambanks in Metrosideros polymorpha dry to montane wet forest or
shrubland at elevations between 145 and 1,066 m (476 and 3,497 ft).
Associated native species include various grammitid and filmy ferns,
Adenophorus spp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron spp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris glabra,
Eragrostis grandis (kawelu), Bidens spp., Freycinetia arborea,
Machaerina angustifolia, Mariscus spp. (NCN), Melicope feddei (alani),
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria mariniana,
Psychotria hexandra, Sadleria pallida (amau), Sadleria squarrosa
(apuu), Smilax melastomifolia (pioi), Sphenomeris chinensis (palaa),
Syzygium sandwicensis, or Thelypteris spp. (Service 1994; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to this species include competition with the
nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta, Cyathea
[[Page 9121]]
cooperi (Australian tree fern), Deparia petersenii, Elephantopus mollis
(NCN), Erechtites valerianifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark
tree), Melastoma candidum, Oplismenus hirtellus (basketgrass), Paspalum
conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass), Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush), Psidium cattleianum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (rose myrtle),
Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria parviflora,
Stachytarpheta australis, or Youngia japonica; trampling by feral pigs;
landslides; seed predation by rats; herbivory by introduced slugs; loss
of pollinators; hurricanes; and decreased reproductive vigor,
restricted distribution, and extinction due to unforseen circumstances
because of small population size (Service 1994; 56 FR 47695).
Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)
Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually unbranched
shrub with opposite toothed leaves which have impressed veins on the
lower surface that are sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-
lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on
Kauai by being a succulent, erect or ascending shrub; a bilaterally
symmetrical calyx that is spindle-shaped in bud and falls off after
flowering; leaves that are 41 to 56 cm (16 to 22 in) long and 23 to 35
cm (9 to 14 in) wide and have a wrinkled surface; and berries with
shaggy hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides was known to occur only along
the trail to Waialae Valley on Kauai until recently discovered in other
areas. It is currently known from five occurrences, containing about
354 to 454 individuals, on private and State lands (including Halelea
Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness Preserve) at Pihea, Waioli Valley,
Lumahai, the left branch of Wainiha Valley, and Makaleha (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53070).
Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows on talus rubble on steep
slopes or cliffs with water seeps running below, near streams or
waterfalls in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of M. polymorpha, Cheirodendron
spp., and Dicranopteris linearis at elevations between 157 and 1,406 m
(514 and 4,614 ft). Associated native species include Bidens spp.,
Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Coprosma spp., Cyanea spp. (haha),
Cyrtandra longifolia (haiwale), Cyrtandra kauaiensis (ulunahele),
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale), Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia
arborea, Gunnera kauaiensis (ape ape), Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis
tryblium (NCN), Machaerina spp., Melicope clusiifolia (kukaemoa),
Melicope puberula (alani), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus spp.,
Psychotria spp., Pritchardia spp. (loulu), or Stenogyne purpurea (NCN)
(61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with nonnative
plant species such as Deparia petersenii, Drymaria cordata (pipili),
Paspalum conjugatum, and Rubus rosifolius; predation of seeds by rats;
reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides and hurricanes, due to the small
number of populations; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR
53070).
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale)
Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of the African violet family
(Gesneriaceae), is an unbranched or few-branched shrub with moderately
or densely hairy leaves. The following combination of characteristics
distinguishes this short-lived perennial species from others of the
genus: the leaves are usually hairy (especially on lower surfaces), the
usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses the
fruit at maturity, and the flowers are borne singly (Wagner et al.
1990).
Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra limahuliensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis was known from three
locations on Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, and near Kilauea
River, until it was recently discovered in additional areas. Currently,
a total of 13 occurrences, containing approximately 2,746 to 3,024
individuals, are reported on private and State lands (including the
Halelea, Kealia, and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves) at Limahuli Falls,
Lumahai Valley, Waipa Valley, Waioli Valley, Kekoiki, Makaleha, the
right fork of Wainiha Valley, Kualapa, Blue Hole, Kepalaoa, and Puu
Kolo (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species typically grows along streambanks in lowland wet
forests at elevations between 208 and 1,594 m (681 and 5,228 ft).
Associated native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens
spp., Boehmeria grandis, Charpentiera spp. (papala), Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu), Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra kealiae (haiwale), Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia spp. (naenae), Eugenia
reinwardtiana (nioi), Gunnera kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus
waimeae (kokio keokeo), Metrosideros polymorpha, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Pisonia spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria
spp., Touchardia latifolia, or Urera glabra (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition from nonnative
plant species (Blechnum occidentale, Clidemia hirta, Erechtites
valerianifolia, Hedychium flavescens (yellow ginger), Melastoma
candidum, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava,
Rubus rosifolius, or Youngia japonica); habitat degradation by feral
pigs; natural landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304).
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN)
Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a branched shrub with lance-shaped or elliptic
toothed leaves. This short-lived perennial species differs from other
species of the genus by the shape, length, and margins of the leaves
and by having hairs at the base of the anthers (part of stamen that
produces pollen) (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Delissea rhytidosperma.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma was known from as far north as
Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as
far south as the Haupu Range, between the elevations of 122 and 915 m
(400 and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai. Currently, three occurrences
on private and State lands (including Kuia NAR), with a total of 11
individuals, are reported from Kuia Valley, Puhakukane, and the Haupu
Range (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species generally grows in well-drained soils with medium or
fine-textured subsoil in Diospyros (lama) diverse lowland mesic forests
or diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at elevations
between 167 and 895 m (547 and 2,935 ft). Associated native plant
species include grammitid
[[Page 9122]]
ferns, Adenophorus spp., Cyanea spp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Doodia kunthiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana
(akoko), Hedyotis spp. (NCN), Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Microlepia
strigosa, Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Pisonia spp., Psychotria
hobdyi (kopiko), or Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are predation and/or habitat
degradation by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), feral pigs,
and goats; herbivory by rats and introduced slugs; fire; and
competition with the nonnative plants Cordyline fruticosa (ti), Lantana
camara, Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla), and Passiflora
tarminiana (banana poka); and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals
(Service 1995; 59 FR 9304).
Delissea rivularis (oha)
Delissea rivularis, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a shrub, unbranched or branched near the base, with
hairy stems and leaves arranged in a rosette at the tips of the stems.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the
genus by the color, length, and curvature of the corolla, shape of the
leaves, and presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, flower clusters,
and corolla (Lammers 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Delissea rivularis. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Delissea rivularis was found at Waiakealoha
Waterfall, Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamanu on the
island of Kauai (61 FR 53070). Currently, this species is known from
two occurrences with a total of 40 individuals. The occurrences are
reported from Moaalele and Hanakapiai on State land within the Hono o
Na Pali NAR (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Delissea rivularis is found on steep slopes near streams in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet or mesic
forest at elevations between 722 and 1,306 m (2,370 and 4,286 ft).
Associated native plant species include Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia
arguta, Carex spp., Coprosma spp., Dubautia knudsenii (naenae),
Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala,
Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope anisata (mokihana), Melicope
clusiifolia, Pipturus spp., Psychotria hexandra, or Sadleria spp.
(amau) (61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are competition with the
encroaching nonnative plant Rubus argutus; habitat destruction by feral
pigs; predation by rats; and reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service
1998a; 61 FR 53070).
Diellia pallida (NCN)
Diellia pallida, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae),
is a fern that grows in tufts of three to four light green, lance-
shaped fronds along with a few persistent dead ones, and reproduces by
spores, the minute, reproductive dispersal unit of ferns and fern
allies. This short-lived perennial species differs from others of this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the color and sheen of the midrib, the
presence and color of scales on the midrib, and the frequent fusion of
sori (a group or cluster of spore cases) (Wagner 1952, 1987).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia pallida. Its
reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995).
Diellia pallida was known historically from Halemanu on the island
of Kauai. More recently additional occurrences have been found and
currently, there is a total of six occurrences with 43 to 48
individuals in Mahanaloa and Kuia Valleys, Makaha Valley, Waimea
Canyon, and Koaie Canyon, all on State-owned land including Kuia NAR,
Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species grows on bare granular soil with dry to mesophytic
leaf litter with a pH of 6.9 to 7.9 on steep talus slopes in lowland
mesic forests at elevations between 445 and 1,027 m (1,460 and 3,371
ft). Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Alectryon
macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
platyphyllum, Asplenium spp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros hillebrandii
(lama), Diospyros sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana, Hedyotis knudsenii
(NCN), Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Microlepia
strigosa, Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria
mariniana, Psydrax odorata (alahee), Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia
sandwicensis (hao), Tetraplasandra kavaiensis (ohe ohe), Wilkesia
gymnoxiphium (iliau), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae) (59 FR 9304; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species include competition with the
nonnative plants Aleurites moluccana (kukui), Cordyline fruticosa,
Lantana camara, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Oplismenus hirtellus, or
Stenotaphrum secundatum; predation and habitat degradation by feral
goats, pigs, and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59
FR 9304).
Dubautia latifolia (koholapehu)
Dubautia latifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
diffusely branched, woody perennial vine with leaves that are
conspicuously net-veined, with the smaller veins outlining nearly
square areas. A vining habit, distinct petioles (leaf stalks), and
broad leaves with conspicuous net veins outlining squarish areas
separate this from closely related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, 1999a).
Individual plants of this species do not appear to be able to
fertilize themselves. Since at least some individuals of Dubautia
latifolia require cross-pollination, the wide spacing of individual
plants (e.g., each 0.5 kilometer (km) (0.3 mile (mi)) apart) may pose a
threat to the reproductive potential of the species. The very low seed
set noted in plants in the wild indicates a reproductive problem,
possibly asynchronous flowering or lack of pollinators. Seedling
establishment and survival to juvenile stage is also rare. Dubautia
latifolia experiences seasonal vegetative decline during the spring and
summer, often losing most of its leaves. New growth and flowering occur
in the fall, with fruits developing in November. Pollinators and seed
dispersal agents are unknown (Carr 1982b; Service 1995).
Historically, Dubautia latifolia was found in the Makaha,
Awaawapuhi, Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys of the Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR; Halemanu in Kokee
State Park; along Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua
Ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness
Preserve; and at Kaholuamanu on the
[[Page 9123]]
island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of 26 occurrences
containing approximately 65 to 84 individuals on State-owned land in
Kauhao Valley, Makaha Valley headwaters, Kuia Valley, Kawaiula Valley,
Kumuwela Ridge, Awaawapuhi Valley, Waiakoali picnic area, Alakai picnic
area, Honopu Trail, Nualolo Trail, Waineke Swamp, Noe Stream, Kumuwela
Ridge, Mohihi Ditch, Mohihi-Waialae Trail, and Kaluahaulu Ridge in the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kokee State Park, Kuia NAR, Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (Carr 1982b; GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species typically grows on gentle to steep slopes in well
drained soil in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest
dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations
between 544 and 1,277 m (1,786 and 4,189 ft). Commonly associated
native plant species are Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum,
Bobea spp., Claoxylon sandwicense (poola), Coprosma waimeae (olena),
Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Melicope anisata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola spp. (naupaka),
or Xylosma spp. (maua) (59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species include competition from the nonnative
plants Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy
fleabane), Hedychium spp. (ginger), Lonicera japonica (Japanese
honeysuckle), Passiflora tarminiana, Psidium cattleianum, or Rubus
argutus; damage from trampling and grazing by feral pigs and deer;
vehicle traffic and road maintenance; seasonal dieback; the small
number of extant individuals; and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).
Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae)
Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),
is a somewhat sprawling shrub or erect small tree with narrowly lance-
shaped or elliptic leaves clustered toward the ends of the stems. The
tiny, two- to four-flowered heads distinguish this short-lived
perennial species from its relatives (Carr 1985, 1999a).
Few details are known about the life history of any Dubautia
species under natural conditions. Certain species produce viable seed
when self-pollinated (self-fertile), although others fail to do so
(self-infertile). Low pollinator numbers resulting in reduced cross-
pollination and consequently low numbers of viable seeds could explain
the small population sizes. Because of their structure and small size,
flowers of D. pauciflorula are presumably pollinated by small
generalist insects, although field observations are lacking. The
bristle-like pappus (tuft of appendages that crowns the ovary or fruit)
probably represents an adaptation for wind dispersal. Very little is
known about the life cycle of this species, including growth rates,
longevity of the plants, and number of years the plants remain
reproductive (Carr 1985; Service 1994; 56 FR 47695).
Historically and currently, this species is found only on State
(including the Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in
the Wahiawa drainage on Kauai. There are four occurrences containing 42
individual plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
These populations are found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest within stream drainages at
elevations between 564 and 1,093 m (1,849 and 3,587 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Dubautia laxa (naenae pua melemele),
Embelia pacifica (kilioe), Hesperomannia lydgatei, Labordia waialealae
(kamakahala lau lii), Melicope spp., Nothoperanema rubiginosa (NCN),
Pritchardia spp., Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp., Scaevola mollis
(naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or Tetraplasandra spp. (ohe
ohe) (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this plant include direct competition with nonnative
plant species such as Melastoma candidum or Psidium cattleianum, and
potential threats from Clidemia hirta, Cyathea cooperi, Deparia
petersenii, Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites valerianifolia, Melaleuca
quinquenervia, Oplismenus hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum
urvillei, Pluchea carolinensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Rubus
rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria parviflora, Stachytarpheta
australis, or Youngia japonica; trampling by feral pigs; landslides and
erosion; restricted distribution; and hurricanes (Service 1994; 56 FR
47695).
Exocarpos luteolus (heau)
Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the sandalwood family
(Santalaceae), is a moderately to densely branched shrub with knobby
branches and leaves that are either minute scales or typical leaves.
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the
genus by its generally larger fruit with four indentations and by the
color of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Exocarpos luteolus. This
species tends to grow at habitat edges where there is adequate light
and is likely to be semi-parasitic. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, other specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was known from three general
locations on Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and Kumuwela Ridge.
Currently, there is a total of nine occurrences containing
approximately 75 individual plants. This species has a scattered
distribution on State (Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona
Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately owned
lands and is reported from Pohakuao, the right fork and left fork of
Kalalau Valley, Hipalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, Kuia
Valley, Poopooiki Valley, Nualolo Trail, Makaha Valley, and Haeleele
Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species is found at elevations between 361 and 1,465 m (1,183
and 4,808 ft) in wet places bordering swamps or open bogs and on open,
dry ridges in lowland or montane mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated forest communities with Dicranopteris linearis.
Associated native plant species include Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Dianella sandwicensis, Dodonaea
viscosa, Dubautia laevigata, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope haupuensis, Peperomia spp.,
Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass), Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, Santalum
freycinetianum, or Schiedea stellarioides (Service 1995; 59 FR 9304; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are feral goats and pigs;
competition with the nonnative plants Acacia mearnsii, Corynocarpus
laevigata (karakanut), Erigeron karvinskianus, Morella faya (firetree),
or Rubus argutus; seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion (Service
1995; 59 FR 9304).
Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach hedyotis)
Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is
a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody, trailing, quadrangular
stems and fleshy leaves clustered towards the base of the
[[Page 9124]]
stem. This species is distinguished from related species by its
succulence, basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter floral tube, and
large leafy calyx lobes when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis st.-johnii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Currently, there are a total of eleven occurrences, containing
approximately 227 to 292 individuals, on State-owned land in Nualolo
Valley, Nualolo Kai, Kaahole Valley, Keawanui, Kawaiula Valley, Milolii
Spring, Makaha Point, Polihale Spring, Kalepa Valley, and Nakeikionaiwi
Caves within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest
Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This plant grows in the crevices of north-facing, near-vertical
coastal cliff faces within the spray zone in sparse dry coastal
shrubland at elevations between 0 and 187 m (0 and 613 ft). Associated
native plant species include Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Capparis
sandwichiana (maiapilo), Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis
variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta connata (nehe), Lycium
sandwicense (ohelo kai), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Nototrichium
sandwicense (kului), or Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli) (56 FR 49639; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral goats; competition from nonnative plant species,
especially Pluchea carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling and
grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and a risk of extinction due to
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well
as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes
and restricted distribution (Service 1995; 56 FR 49639).
Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN)
Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae)
is a sparsely branched, small, long-lived perennial tree 2 to 4 m (6.5
to 13 ft) tall with lance-shaped or elliptic leaves. The flower heads
are clustered at the ends of branches and pendant (hanging) when
mature. The species is distinguished from other members of this endemic
Hawaiian genus by its pendant flower heads, longer and narrower
hairless flower stalks, and shorter involucral (floral) bracts (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Almost no mature fruits develop, and it is possible that
Hesperomannia lydgatei is self-infertile and fails to set seed unless
cross-pollinated with other individuals. The flower heads with long,
tubular yellow florets suggest pollination by long-tongued insects such
as moths or butterflies, although field observation is required to
confirm this. Absence of the appropriate pollinator(s) could be
responsible for the observed lack of viable seeds. The plume-like hairs
crowning the fruit strongly suggests dispersal by wind, as in many
members of the aster family. This species grows almost exclusively
along streams, however, so dispersal by water currents is also likely.
Specific details regarding growth rates, age trees begin flowering in
the wild, length of time they remain reproductive, and longevity of the
plants are unknown (Service 1994).
Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei was found in the Wahiawa
Mountains of Kauai. Currently, this species is known from State
(Halelea Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands in the Pali Eleele,
Waiole Valley, Wahiawa and Kapalaoa areas. There are four occurrences
containing a total of 304 individual plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at elevations between 207 and 1,570
m (680 and 5,151 ft) along streambanks and forested slopes in rich
brown soil and silty clay in Metrosideros polymorpha or M. polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest. Associated native plant
species include Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern), Antidesma
platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron spp., Cyanea spp.,
Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia laxa, Dubautia pauciflorula, Dubautia
raillardioides (naenae), Elaphoglossum spp., Freycinetia arborea,
Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala), Machaerina
angustifolia, Peperomia spp., Pritchardia spp., Psychotria hexandra, or
Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1994; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to the species include nonnative plants, feral goats, rats,
landslides, and erosion (Service 1994).
Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi)
Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae),
is a small branched, long-lived perennial tree with a rounded crown.
Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the other Kauai species in the genus
by characteristics of the leaf surface and whorled leaves and by bract
and flower color (Bates 1999; Lorence and Wagner 1995).
Flowering material has been collected in March, April, and
September, but no fruit set has been observed in spite of efforts to
manually outcross the flowers. A museum specimen of a flower contains
three adult Nitidulidae (sap) beetles, probably an endemic species. The
damage by these larvae may be responsible for the observed lack of
fruit set in Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Service
1998a). No additional life history information for this species is
currently known.
Hibiscadelphus woodii has been found only at the site of its
original discovery on State-owned land in the left branch of Kalalau
Valley, within the Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai. Only two trees of
this species are currently known (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K.
Wood, in litt. 2001).
Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at elevations between 219 and 1,197
m (717 and 3,926 ft) on basalt talus or cliff walls in Metrosideros
polymorpha montane mesic forest. These forests contain one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Artemisia australis,
Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides
var. hanapepensis (akoko), Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp., Lepidium
serra, Lipochaeta spp. (nehe), Lobelia niihauensis (NCN), Lysimachia
glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Melicope pallida (alani), Myrsine spp.
(kolea), Nototrichium spp. (kului), Panicum lineale, Poa mannii (NCN),
or Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000; Lorence and Wagner
1995; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Hibiscadelphus woodii are habitat degradation by
feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Erigeron karvinskianus; nectar robbing by the Japanese white-eye
(Zosterops japonicus), an introduced bird; and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events (e.g., rock slides), and reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals at
the only known site (Lorence and Wagner 1995; 61 FR 53070).
Hibiscus clayi (Clay's hibiscus)
Hibiscus clayi, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a
long-lived perennial shrub or small tree. This species is distinguished
from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by the lengths of the
calyx, calyx lobes, and capsule and by the margins of the leaves (Bates
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
[[Page 9125]]
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1995).
Historically, Hibiscus clayi was known from scattered locations on
Kauai: the Kokee region on the western side of the island, Moloaa
Valley to the north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as far
south as Haiku near Halii Stream. At this time, only one occurrence on
State land in the Nounou Mountains, with a total of four individuals,
is known to be extant (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus clayi generally grows on slopes at elevations between 9
and 765 m (29 and 2,509 ft) in Acacia koa or Diospyros spp.-Pisonia
spp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest with Artemisia
australis, Bidens spp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), Gahnia spp., Hedyotis
acuminata (au), Munroidendron racemosum (NCN), Pandanus tectorius
(hala), Panicum tenuifolium (mountain pili), Pipturus spp., Pleomele
aurea, Psychotria spp., or Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR
9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species
Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island pine) and Psidium cattleianum;
trampling by humans; and a risk of extinction due to naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well as
decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population size and
restricted distribution (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 9304).
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo)
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a member of the mallow family
(Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with star-shaped hairs densely
covering its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. The long-lived
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the
position of the anthers along the staminal column, length of the
staminal column relative to the petals, color of the petals, and length
of the calyx. Two subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. waimeae, both
endemic to Kauai, are recognized. Subspecies hannerae is
distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its larger leaves and smaller
flowers (Bates 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hibiscus waimeae ssp.
hannerae. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae was known from
Kalihiwai and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley, and Hanakapiai Valley.
This subspecies is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. Currently, there are
two occurrences containing 27 individuals on State (Na Pali Coast State
Park) and privately owned lands in Hanakapiai Valley, Limahuli Valley,
and Pohakuao (Bates 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae grows at elevations between 174 and
1,154 m (570 and 3,787 ft). It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia spp.-Charpentiera elliptica (papala)
lowland wet or mesic forest with Antidesma spp., Bidens spp., Bobea
spp., Cibotium spp., Cyanea spp., Cyrtandra spp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus spp., Psychotria spp., Sadleria spp., or
Syzygium sandwicensis (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998a;
K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, competition with nonnative plant species,
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g.,
landslides and hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of remaining populations (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR
53070).
Kokia kauaiensis (kokio)
Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a
small tree. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from
others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the bracts
surrounding the flower head, number of lobes and the width of the
leaves, the length of the petals, and the length of the hairs on the
seeds (Bates 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Kokia kauaiensis. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was found as seven scattered
occurrences on northwestern Kauai. Currently, there are a total of 21
occurrences with 166 to 171 individuals, found in Pohakuao, the left
branch of Kalalau Valley, Paaiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Koaie Canyon,
Kipalau Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley, all on State-owned land within
Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in diverse mesic forest at
elevations between 215 and 1,049 m (707 and 3,441 ft). Associated
native plant species include Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma
spp., Bobea spp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Claoxylon sandwicense,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diellia pallida, Diospyros hillebrandii,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame), Hedyotis spp., Hibiscus spp. (aloalo), Isodendrion
laurifolium (aupaka), Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe), Melicope spp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium spp.,
Pisonia spp., Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata,
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum
var. pyrularium (iliahi), Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Syzygium
sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., or Xylosma spp. (Bates 1999; HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1998a; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Competition with and habitat degradation by invasive nonnative
plant species, substrate loss from erosion, habitat degradation and
browsing by feral goats and deer, and seed predation by rats are the
major threats affecting the survival of Kokia kauaiensis (HINHP
Database 2000; Service 1998a; Wood and Perlman 1993).
Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala)
Labordia lydgatei, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is
a much-branched perennial shrub or small tree with sparsely hairy,
square stems. The small size of the flowers and capsules borne on
sessile (attached to the base) inflorescences (a flower cluster)
distinguish it from other members of the genus growing in the same area
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Immature fruits were seen on two plants during surveys in 1991 and
1992 by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of old fruiting bodies were
seen on another, suggesting that the plants are able to self-fertilize.
It is also suspected that the fruits of this species are adapted for
bird dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other native pollinators,
pollination may be inhibited. Microhabitat requirements for seed
germination and growth may also be extremely specific. Virtually
nothing is known about the life history or ecology of this species
(Service 1994).
This species was originally known from the Wahiawa drainage, Waioli
Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains on Kauai. Labordia lydgatei is
currently known from six occurrences, consisting of 37 individual
plants, located on State (Lihue-Koloa and Halelea Forest Reserves) and
privately owned lands at Pali Eleele, Waioli Valley, Leleiwi, Lumahai
Valley, and Kapalaoa (GDSI
[[Page 9126]]
2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Labordia lydgatei is found on streambanks in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest at elevations
between 182 and 1,048 m (597 and 3,437 ft). Associated native plant
species include Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii (hame), Cyanea
spp., Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia knudsenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Labordia hirtella (kamakahala), Psychotria spp., or Syzygium
sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1994; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
Competition from nonnative plants poses the greatest threat to the
survival of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). Additional threats include
habitat degradation from feral pigs; rats, a potential seed predator;
landslides and erosion; reduced germination; and a lack of dispersal or
pollination agents (Service 1994).
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala)
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, a member of the logania
family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree with hairless,
cylindrical young branches. This long-lived perennial species differs
from others of the genus by having a long common flower cluster stalk,
hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule
valves, and length of the corolla lobes. Three varieties of Labordia
tinifolia are recognized: var. lanaiensis on Lanai and Molokai; var.
tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var.
wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. The variety wahiawaensis is
distinguished from the other two by its larger corolla (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Labordia tinifolia var.
wahiawaensis. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown.
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis has only been known from one
occurrence with a current total of approximately 20 to 30 individual
plants on private land in the Wahiawa drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis grows along streambanks in
lowland wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations
between 458 and 1,006 m (1,502 and 3,301 ft), with Antidesma
platyphyllum, Athyrium microphyllum (akolea), Cheirodendron spp.,
Cyrtandra spp., Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, or
Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to the remaining individuals of Labordia
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis are competition with nonnative plants,
habitat degradation by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of
extinction from catastrophic random events or reduced reproductive
vigor due to the small number of individuals in a single population (61
FR 53070).
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)
Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a
perennial herb with somewhat woody, erect or climbing stems. This
short-lived perennial species differs from other species on Kauai by
having a greater number of disk and ray flowers per flower head, longer
ray flowers, and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner 1976, 1979;
Service 1995; Wagner et al. 1985, 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta fauriei.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically and currently, Lipochaeta fauriei is known from
Olokele Canyon on Kauai. This species is now found on State-owned land
in Poopooiki Valley, Kuia Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki Valley
within Kuia NAR, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest
Reserve. Currently there is a total of five occurrences with 82
individuals. An occurrence in Koaie Canyon previously thought to be L.
fauriei was later identified as Melanthera subcordata (nehe) (Gardner
1979; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; K. Wood, in litt.
1999).
This species grows most often in moderate shade to full sun and is
usually found on the sides of steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic
forests at elevations between 436 and 947 m (1,432 and 3,108 ft).
Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Carex meyenii,
Carex wahuensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hibiscus waimeae, Kokia kauaiensis,
Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria
greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, or Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea)
(HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are predation and habitat
degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with invasive
nonnative plants. Fire is also a significant threat to L. fauriei due
to the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a fire-adapted grass that
creates unnaturally high fuel loads. The small total number of
individuals makes the species susceptible to extinction from naturally
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced
reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 59 FR 9304).
Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)
Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is
a somewhat woody short-lived perennial herb. The small number of disk
flowers separates this species from the other members of the genus on
the island of Kauai. The two recognized varieties of this species, var.
exigua and var. micrantha, are distinguished by differences in leaf
length and width, degree of leaf dissection, and the length of the ray
florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al. 1990).
Little is known about the life histories of Lipochaeta micrantha
var. exigua and L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua was only known from
the Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, five occurrences of L. micrantha
var. exigua, with a total of 110 individuals, are known from privately
owned land in the vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui
summit. Historically, L. micrantha var. micrantha was known from
Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai.
Currently, this variety is only known from five occurrences totaling
121 individuals on State land within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve in
Koaie Canyon and Kawaiiki Valley (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Lipochaeta micrantha grows on cliffs, ridges, streambanks, or
slopes in mesic to wet mixed communities at elevations between 35 and
1,362 m (115 and 4,468 ft). Associated species include Acacia koa,
Antidesma spp., Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Bobea spp.,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea
viscosa, Eragrostis grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hibiscus kokio,
Lepidium bidentatum (anaunau), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope spp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Neraudia kauaiensis (NCN), Nototrichium spp.,
Pipturus spp., Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Pleomele
aurea, Psydrax odorata, Rumex albescens (huahuako), Sida fallax, or
Xylosma
[[Page 9127]]
hawaiiense (maua) (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
The major threats to both varieties of Lipochaeta micrantha are
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with
nonnative plant species such as Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara,
Pluchea carolinensis, or Stachytarpheta australis. The species is also
threatened by extinction from naturally occurring events, such as
landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing populations (HINHP Database 2000; Lorence and
Flynn 1991; Service 1995).
Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)
Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),
is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb. This
species is distinguished from other Lipochaeta species on Kauai by leaf
shape and the presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray florets (Gardner
1976, 1979; Wagner et al. 1990).
Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta waimeaensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Lipochaeta waimeaensis has been known only from the original site
of discovery along the rim of Kauai's Waimea Canyon on State-owned
land. There are no more than 100 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database
2000).
This species grows on eroded soil on a precipitous, shrub-covered
gulch in a diverse lowland forest at elevations between 44 and 460 m
(145 and 1,509 ft) with Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides,
Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta connata, Panicum spp. (NCN), Santalum
freycinetianum, or Schiedea spergulina (NCN) (HINHP Database 2000;
Wagner et al. 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Lipochaeta waimeaensis are competition from
nonnative plants and habitat destruction by feral goats, whose presence
exacerbates the existing soil erosion problem at the site. The single
occurrence, and thus the entire species, is threatened by extinction
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/
or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals (59 FR 9304).
Melicope haupuensis (alani)
Melicope haupuensis, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a
small long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other species of this genus on
Kauai, the exocarp (outermost layer of a fruit) and endocarp (innermost
layer of a fruit) are hairless and the sepals are covered with dense
hairs (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope haupuensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis was known only from the site of
its original discovery on the north side of Haupu Ridge on Kauai. This
occurrence is now gone. The species is now known from four occurrences
with a total of 13 individuals on State-owned land within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve in Kalahu, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Koaie Canyon (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Melicope haupuensis grows on moist talus slopes in Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated lowland mesic forests or M. polymorpha-Acacia koa
montane mesic forest at elevations between 111 and 1,249 m (364 and
4,097 ft). Associated native plant species include Antidesma
platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Claoxylon sandwicense, Cryptocarya mannii (holio), Dianella
sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis,
Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope
anisata, M. barbigera (uahiapele), M. ovata (alani), Pleomele aurea,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor (loulu), Psychotria
greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, Tetraplasandra waimeae
(ohekikoola), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat degradation by feral goats and competition with invasive
nonnative plant species are the major threats to Melicope haupuensis.
In addition, this species may be susceptible to the black twig borer
(Xylosandrus compactus). The existence of only 13 known trees
constitutes an extreme threat of extinction from naturally occurring
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, or reduced reproductive vigor
(Hara and Beardsley 1979; HINHP Database 2000; Medeiros et al. 1986; 59
FR 9304).
Melicope quadrangularis (alani)
Melicope quadrangularis, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is
a shrub or small tree. Young branches are generally covered with fine
yellow fuzz but become hairless with age. This species differs from
others in the genus in having the following combination of characters:
oppositely arranged leaves, only one or two flowers per cluster, cube-
shaped capsules with fused lobes, and a deep central depression at the
top of the fruit (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope quadrangularis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Melicope quadrangularis is known from the type locality in the
Wahiawa Bog region of Kauai. One adult plant and two seedlings were
discovered in 1991 by Ken Wood of NTBG on an east-facing slope of
Wahiawa Ridge at 853 m (2,800 ft) on privately owned land. Subsequent
exploration resulted in the location of a total of 13 individuals of
this species. Although a survey after hurricane Iniki in 1992 did not
relocate any individuals, it is hoped that there is a seed bank or that
undiscovered individuals remain to be found (Stone et al. 1999).
Melicope quadrangularis grows in Metrosideros polymorpha diverse
lowland wet forest that ranges from mesic to wet conditions at
elevations between 608 and 1,593 m (1,995 and 5,228 ft). Associated
native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia
arguta, Cheirodendron fauriei (olapa), Cibotium nealiae (hapuu),
Cyrtandra pickeringii (haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina
angustifolia, Machaerina mariscoides (ahaniu), other Melicope spp.,
Metrosideros waialealae (NCN), Psychotria hexandra, P. mariniana, P.
wawrae (kopiko), Sadleria pallida, Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka
kuahiwi), or Syzygium sandwicensis (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
This species is threatened by nonnative plants and habitat
disturbance by feral pigs; over-collecting for scientific purposes;
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes; and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the dearth of
individuals (Service 1994).
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)
Munroidendron racemosum, a member of the ginseng family
(Araliaceae), is a small tree with a straight gray trunk crowned with
spreading branches. This long-lived perennial species is the only
member of a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus is distinguished from
other closely related Hawaiian genera of the family by
[[Page 9128]]
its distinct flower clusters and corolla (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Reproduction occurs year-round, with flowers and fruits found
throughout the year. Self-pollination is assumed to occur since viable
seeds have been produced by isolated individuals. Pollinators have not
been observed, but insect pollination is likely. Dispersal mechanisms
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Munroidendron racemosum was known from scattered
locations throughout the island of Kauai. Occurrences are now known
from Waiahuakua, Pohakuao, the left and right branches of Kalalau
Valley, Nakeikionaiwi Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley spring, Honopu Valley,
Nualolo Valley, Poomau Valley, Kawaiiki Valley, Koaie Canyon, Nonou,
Haupu, and Keopaweo. There are currently 17 known occurrences with
approximately 59 to 99 individuals on State (Hono o Na Pali NAR, Na
Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Nonou Forest
Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Munroidendron racemosum is typically found on steep exposed cliffs
or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mesic forests at elevations
between 6 and 979 m (19 and 3,213 ft). Associated plant species include
Bobea brevipes, Brighamia insignis, Canavalia napaliensis (awikiwiki),
Diospyros hillebrandii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Pisonia sandwicensis (aulu), Pisonia umbellifera (papala kepau),
Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Psydrax
odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Schiedea spp. (NCN), Sida fallax, or
Tetraplasandra spp. (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR
9304; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to Munroidendron racemosum are competition with
nonnative plant species, such as Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara,
Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), or Psidium guajava; habitat
degradation by feral goats and fruit predation by rats; introduced
insects of the long-horned beetle family (Cerambycidae); fire;
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes; and reduced reproductive vigor (HINHP Database 2000;
Service 1995; 59 FR 9304).
Myrsine linearifolia (kolea)
Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae),
is a branched shrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished
from others of the genus by the shape, length, and width of the leaves,
length of the petals, and number of flowers per cluster (Wagner et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Myrsine linearifolia. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was found at scattered locations
on Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat,
Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama summit
plateau, and Haupu. There are currently 12 occurrences with
approximately 490 to 564 individuals on State (Alakai Wilderness
Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park) and privately owned lands. The
populations are found in Limahuli Valley, Alealau, the left branch of
Kalalau Valley, Puu O Kila, Koaie Canyon, Namolokama, and Kapalaoa
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Myrsine linearifolia typically grows at elevations between 105 and
1,380 m (346 and 4,526 ft) in diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane
Metrosideros polymorpha forest with Cheirodendron spp. or Dicranopteris
linearis as co-dominant species. Plants growing in association with
this species include Bobea brevipes, Cryptocarya mannii, Dubautia spp.,
Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis,
Lysimachia glutinosa, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope spp., Myrsine
spp., Nothocestrum spp. (aiea), Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, or
Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers.
comm., 2001).
Competition with nonnative plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus,
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum,
Rubus argutus, and Rubus rosifolius and habitat degradation by feral
pigs and goats are the major threats to Myrsine linearifolia (61 FR
53070).
Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea)
Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of the nightshade family
(Solanaceae), is a small tree with ash-brown bark and woolly stems. The
usually peltate (leaf stem attached to the center) leaves and shorter
leaf stalks separate this species from others in the genus (Symon
1999).
Although plants of this long-lived perennial species have been
observed flowering, they rarely set fruit. This could be the result of
a loss of pollinators, reduced genetic variability, or an inability to
fertilize itself. Little else is known about the life history of
Nothocestrum peltatum. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 9304).
Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum was known from Kauai at
Kumuwela, Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo. This species is now
known from a total of 10 occurrences with 20 individuals, located at
Kahuamaa Flats, Awaawapuhi Trail, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kawaiula Valley,
and Makaha Valley on State-owned land within the Kokee State Park, Kuia
NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka
Pele Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt.
1999).
This species generally grows in rich soil on steep slopes in mesic
or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture of A. koa and
Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 581 and 1,290 m (1,906
and 4,232 ft). Associated native plants include Alphitonia ponderosa,
Antidesma spp., Bobea brevipes, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Cryptocarya mannii,
Dianella sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex
anomala, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
greenwelliae, Psychotria mariniana, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, or
Xylosma spp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Competition with nonnative plants (such as Erigeron karvinskianus,
Lantana camara, Passiflora tarminiana, or Rubus argutus), and habitat
degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)
constitute the major threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This species is
also threatened by fire, risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor
due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2000;
59 FR 9304).
Panicum niihauense (lau ehu)
Panicum niihauense, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a
perennial bunchgrass with unbranched culms (aerial stems). This short-
lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by
the erect inflorescence branches and the densely clustered spikelets
(Davidse 1999).
Little is known about the life history of this species.
Reproductive cycles,
[[Page 9129]]
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999).
Panicum niihauense was known historically from Niihau and one
location on Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from one
occurrence of 23 individuals at the Polihale State Park area of Kauai
on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
Panicum niihauense is found scattered in sand dunes in coastal
shrubland at elevations between 0 and 103 m (0 and 337 ft). Associated
native plant species include Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa pehu),
Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Nama sandwicensis (hinahina
kahakai), Ophioglossum pendulum ssp. falcatum (puapua moa), Scaevola
sericea (naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus (akiaki),
or Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai) (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Primary threats to Panicum niihauense are destruction by off-road
vehicles, competition with nonnative plant species, and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
individuals in the one remaining population (HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR
53108).
Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN)
Phyllostegia knudsenii, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is an erect herb or vine. This short-lived perennial
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its specialized
flower stalk; it differs from the closely related P. floribunda by
often having four flowers per group (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Phyllostegia knudsenii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii was only known from the site of
its original discovery made in the 1800s from the woods of Waimea on
Kauai. There is currently one known occurrence with a total of 4 to13
individuals on State-owned land in Koaie Canyon within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wagner et al.
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
mesic or wet forest at elevations between 399 and 1,059 m (1,309 and
3,475 ft). Associated native plant species include Bobea timonioides
(ahakea), Claoxylon sandwicense, Cryptocarya mannii, Cyrtandra
kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa (moa), Diospyros sandwicensis,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Ilex anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pittosporum kauaiense (hoawa), Pouteria sandwicensis,
Pritchardia minor, Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepeamoa), Tetraplasandra
oahuensis (ohe mauka), or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (61 FR 53070; K. Wood,
pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Phyllostegia knudsenii include habitat degradation
by feral pigs and goats, competition with nonnative plants, and a risk
of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides and
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
individuals in the only known population (61 FR 53070; Service 1998a).
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN)
Phyllostegia waimeae, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing perennial plant. Characteristics that
distinguish this species from others in the genus are the nearly
stalkless bracts that partially overlap and cover the flowers, and
relatively fewer oil glands on the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Phyllostegia waimeae.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown Service 1995).
Historically, Phyllostegia waimeae was known from Kaholuamanu and
Kaaha on Kauai. Currently, one occurrence with six individuals persists
on State land in Kawaiiki Valley within the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve
(K. Wood, in litt. 2001).
This species typically grows in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
dominated wet or mixed mesic forest with Cheirodendron spp. or
Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants at elevations between 655 and
1,224 m (2,149 and 4,016 ft). Associated native plant species include
Broussaisia arguta, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Dubautia knudsenii, Elaphoglossum spp., Gunnera kauaiensis, Hedyotis
spp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria spp., Sadleria
spp., Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), Syzygium sandwicensis, or
Vaccinium spp. (K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat destruction by feral goats, erosion, and competition with
introduced grasses are the major threats to Phyllostegia waimeae. The
species is also threatened by over-collecting for scientific purposes;
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes; and/or
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing
individuals (Service 1995).
Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN)
Phyllostegia wawrana, a nonaromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a perennial vine that is woody toward the base and has
long, crinkly hairs along the stem. This short-lived perennial species
can be distinguished from the related P. floribunda and P. knudsenii by
its less specialized flower stalk (Wagner et al. 1999).
Seeds were observed in the wild in August 1993. No additional life
history information for this species is currently known (Service
1998a).
Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to be found at Hanalei on Kauai
in the 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Currently, four
occurrences with approximately 34 to 54 individuals are reported from
Koaie Canyon, Moaalele, Awaawapuhi Valley, and Makaleha on State-owned
land within the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Hono o Na Pali NAR, and
Kokee State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).
This species grows at elevations between 398 and 1,284 m (1,306 and
4,212 ft) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron mixed
mesic forest. Associated native plant species include Alectryon
macrococcus, Asplenium polyodon , Athyrium microphyllum, Carex spp.,
Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea fissa (haha), Delissea rivularis,
Dianella sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa,
Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris wallichiana, Dubautia knudsenii, Dubautia
laevigata, Hedyotis tryblium, Machaerina angustifolia, Panicum
nephelophilum, Peperomia spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pleomele
aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum,
Sadleria pallida, Scaevola procera, Schiedea stellarioides, Syzygium
sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, or Vaccinium dentatum (HINHP
Database 2000; 61 FR 53070; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana include habitat degradation
by feral pigs and competition with nonnative plant species, such as
Erechtites valerianifolia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Melastoma candidum,
Passiflora tarminiana, Rubus argutus, and Rubus rosifolius (61 FR
53070; Service 1998a).
[[Page 9130]]
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)
Poa mannii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial
grass with short rhizomes (underground stems) and erect, tufted culms.
All three native species of Poa in the Hawaiian Islands are endemic to
the island of Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from both P.
siphonoglossa and P. sandvicensis by its fringed ligule (an appendage
on the leaf sheath) and from P. sandvicensis by its shorter panicle (a
flower cluster) branches (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa mannii. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, this species was found in Olokele Gulch on Kauai.
Currently, there is a total of six occurrences with approximately 268
individuals on State-owned land in the right and left branches of
Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi Valley, Kuia Valley, and Kauhao Valley
within the Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest
Reserve, and Waimea Canyon State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;
O'Connor 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species typically grows on cliffs or rock faces in lowland or
montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha
forest at elevations between 327 and 1,222 m (1,072 and 4,009 ft).
Associated native plant species include Antidesma platyphyllum,
Artemisia australis, Bidens cosmoides, Bidens sandvicensis, Carex
meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis,
Cyperus phleoides (NCN), Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis terminalis, Lobelia niihauensis,
Lobelia yuccoides (panaunau), Luzula hawaiiensis (wood rush), Melicope
anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, Nototrichium spp., Panicum lineale,
Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria greenwelliae,
Psychotria mariniana, Schiedea spp., or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (HINHP
Database 2000; 59 FR 56330; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Poa mannii survives only in very steep areas that are inaccessible
to goats, suggesting that goat herbivory may have eliminated this
species from more accessible locations, as is the case for other rare
plants from northwestern Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include habitat
damage, trampling, and browsing by feral goats, and competition with
invasive nonnative plants. Erigeron karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau,
Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the areas where P. mannii occurs.
Lantana camara threatens all known populations, and Rubus argutus
threatens the populations in Kalalau and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is
also threatened by fire and reduced reproductive vigor and/or
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or
hurricanes, due to the small number of existing populations and
individuals (59 FR 56330).
Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass)
Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass (Poaceae) with densely
tufted, mostly erect culms. It is distinguished from closely related
species by its shorter rhizomes and culms which do not become rush-like
with age, closed and fused sheaths, relatively even-edged ligules, and
longer panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa sandvicensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, this species was known from the following areas on
the island of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley; Halemanu Ridge,
Kumuwela Ridge, and Kauaikanana drainage; Awaawapuhi Trail; Kohua
Ridge/Mohihi drainage; and Kaholuamanu. Hillebrand's (1888) reference
to a Maui locality is most likely an error. Currently, there is a total
of nine occurrences with 1,321 individuals on State-owned land. Poa
sandvicensis is known to be extant at Alealau, Keanapuka, Awaawapuhi
Trail, Kumuwela Ridge, Maile Flat Trail, Mohihi Stream, Mohihi-Waialae
Trail, Kawaiiki Valley, and Waialae Valley in the Alakai Wilderness
Preserve, Hono o Na Pali NAR, Kokee State Park, Na Pali Coast State
Park, and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000;
57 FR 20580; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, shaded, gentle to steep slopes,
ridges, and rock ledges of streambanks in semi-open to closed, wet,
diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest, at
elevations between 473 and 1,290 m (1,553 and 4,232 ft). Associated
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens sandvicensis,
Cheirodendron spp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Coprosma spp., Dianella
sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp.,
Hedyotis spp., Melicope spp., Peperomia spp., Psychotria spp., Scaevola
procera, Schiedea stellarioides, or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP
Database 2000; 57 FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The greatest immediate threats to the survival of Poa sandvicensis
are competition from nonnative plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus,
Hedychium spp., Passiflora tarminiana, or Rubus argutus; erosion caused
by feral pigs and goats; and State Forest Reserve trail maintenance
activities and human recreation. In addition, naturally occurring
events, such as landslides and hurricanes, constitute a threat of
extinction or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' small
population size (Service 1995; 57 FR 20580).
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN)
Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass (Poaceae) with extensive
tufted and flattened culms that cascade from banks in masses. It
differs from related species by its longer culms and lack of a
prominent tooth on the ligule. In addition, its shorter panicle
branches distinguish it from P. sandvicensis, and its short rhizomes
and closed and fused sheaths separate it from P. mannii (O'Connor
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Poa siphonoglossa.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was known from five sites on the
island of Kauai: Kohua Ridge, near Kaholuamanu, Kaulaula Valley, Kuia
Valley, and Kalalau. Currently, there are a total of five occurrences
with a total of 50 individuals on State-owned land at Kahuamaa Flats,
Mohihi-Waialae Trail, Kuia Valley, Makaha Ridge, and Kaulaula Valley in
the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on shady banks on steep slopes in
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at elevations between
about 480 and 1,296 m (1,573 and 4,251 ft). Associated native plant
species include Alphitonia ponderosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea
brevipes, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, Coprosma waimeae, Dianella
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia spp., Hedyotis spp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lobelia yuccoides, Melicope spp., Microlepia
strigosa, Myrsine spp., Panicum nephelophilum, Poa sandvicensis,
Psychotria spp., Scaevola procera, Tetraplasandra
[[Page 9131]]
kavaiensis, Vaccinium spp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Xylosma spp., or
Zanthoxylum dipetalum (57 FR 20580; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threat to the survival of Poa siphonoglossa is habitat
degradation and/or herbivory by feral pigs and deer. The nonnative
plant Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge constitutes a probable threat
to that population. Small population size and the potential for one
disturbance event to destroy the majority of known individuals are also
serious threats to this species (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 57
FR 20580).
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane)
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, a member of the palm family
(Arecaceae) is a fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall.
This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the thin leaf
texture and drooping leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the underside
of the petiole and the leaf blade base, stout hairless flower clusters
that do not extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves, and the smaller
spherical fruit (Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pritchardia aylmer-
robinsonii. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (61 FR 41020).
Historically, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii was found at three
sites in the eastern and central portions of the island of Niihau.
Trees were found on Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Valleys at
elevations between 70 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately owned
land. The most recent observations indicate that two plants still
remain on Kaali Cliff (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Read and Hodel
1999).
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii typically grows on rocky talus in
seepage areas within coastal dry forest at elevations between 91 to 259
m (300 to 850 ft). Associated native plant species include Brighamia
insignis, Cyperus trachysanthos, Lipochaeta lobata var. lobata (nehe),
or Lobelia niihauensis. Originally a component of the coastal dry
forest, this species now occurs only in a rugged and steep area where
it receives some protection from grazing ungulates (HINHP Database
2000; 61 FR 41020).
The species is threatened by habitat degradation and/or herbivory
by cattle, feral pigs, and feral goats and seed predation by rats.
Small population size, limited distribution, and reduced reproductive
vigor makes this species particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 FR
41020).
Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu)
Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae),
is a small tree with about 20 leaves and an open crown. This species is
distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having
about 20 flat leaves with pale scales on the lower surface that fall
off with age, inflorescences with hairless main axes, and globose round
fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in) long (Read and Hodel 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pritchardia napaliensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998a).
Pritchardia napaliensis has only been known from five occurrences
with 155 individuals on State-owned land in Pohakuao, Alealau,
Waiahuakua, and Hoolulu Valley within the Hono o Na Pali NAR and Na
Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in
litt. 1999).
Pritchardia napaliensis typically grows in areas between elevations
of 152 and 1,158 m (500 and 3,800 ft) in a wide variety of habitats
ranging from lowland dry to diverse mesic forests dominated by
Diospyros spp. or montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis. Associated native plant species
include Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alyxia oliviformis, Boehmeria
grandis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., Dubautia knudsenii,
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saintjohnianus (kokio),
Lipochaeta connata var. acris (nehe), Melicope peduncularis (alani),
Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi), Ochrosia kauaiensis (holei), Phyllostegia
electra (NCN), Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis,
Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia
sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium, Stenogyne
purpurea (NCN), Syzygium sandwicensis, Vaccinium dentatum, Wilkesia
gymnoxiphium, or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2000; Service
1998a; 61 FR 53070).
Major threats to Pritchardia napaliensis include habitat
degradation and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed predation by
rats; and competition with nonnative plants such as Erigeron
karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava, or
possibly Cordyline fruticosa. The species is also threatened by
vandalism and over-collection. In 1993, near the Wailua River, the
State Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) constructed a fenced
enclosure around 39 recently planted P. napaliensis individuals.
Shortly after planting, the fence was vandalized and the 39 plants were
removed. Also, because of the small number of remaining populations and
individuals, this species is susceptible to a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from
reduced reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in litt.
1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000).
Pritchardia viscosa (loulu)
Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a
small tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species differs from
others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness of
the lower surface of the leaves and main axis of the flower cluster,
and length of the flower cluster (Read and Hodel 1999).
Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was known only from a 1920
collection from Kalihiwai Valley. It was not seen again until 1987,
when Robert Read observed it in the same general area as the type
locality, off the Powerline Road at 512 m (1,680 ft) elevation (HINHP
Database 2000). Currently, there is one occurrence with three
individuals on State-owned land within the Halelea Forest Reserve (GDSI
2000; HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53070).
This species is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis lowland wet forest at elevations between 488 and 518 m (1,600
and 1,700 ft). Associated native species include Antidesma spp., Bobea
spp., Cibotium spp., Cyanea fissa, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra
longiflora, Dubautia knudsenii, Nothocestrum spp., Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Sadleria pallida, or Syzygium
sandwicensis (Service 1998a; 61 FR 53070).
Pritchardia viscosa is threatened by Psidium cattleianum, nonnative
grasses such as Paspalum conjugatum, and seed predation by rats. At
least one of the remaining mature trees has been damaged by spiked
boots used either by a botanist or seed collector to scale the tree. In
mid-1996, a young plant and seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa
plants were removed from the only known location of this species.
Because of this past activity, it is reasonable to assume that these
plants are threatened by over-collection and vandalism. Also, because
of the small numbers of individuals in the only known population, this
species is susceptible to
[[Page 9132]]
extinction since a single naturally occurring event (e.g., a hurricane)
could destroy all remaining plants (61 FR 53070; C. Koga, in litt.
1999; A. Kyono, pers. comm., 2000).
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of the dogbane family
(Apocynaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft)
tall. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surfaces, but
pale and dull on the lower surfaces. This species differs from the only
other species of this endemic Hawaiian genus in having reduced lateral
wings on the seed (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Pteralyxia kauaiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995).
Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis was known from the Wahiawa
Mountains in the southern portion of Kauai. This species is now known
from 39 occurrences, with a total of 1,124 to 1,161 individuals in the
following scattered locations on State land: Limahuli Valley, the left
and right branches of Kalalau Valley, Pohakuao, Makaha Valley, Kuia
Valley, Haeleele Valley, Koaie Canyon, Kawaiiki Valley, Hipalau, Haupu,
Blue Hole, Poomau Valley, and Kapalikea within the Lihue-Koloa Forest
Reserve, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, and Puu
Ka Pele Forest Reserve. There is also an undocumented sighting of one
individual at Makaleha, above the town of Kapaa (HINHP Database 2000;
Wagner et al. 1999; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
This species is typically found in diverse mesic or Diospyros
sandwicensis mixed mesic forests with Pisonia spp. between elevations
of 127 and 1,563 m (418 and 5,128 ft). Associated native plant species
include Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, Bobea brevipes, Carex spp.,
Charpentiera elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyanea spp., Dianella
sandwicensis, Diospyros spp. (lama), Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea
viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Gahnia spp.,
Gardenia remyi (nanu), Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus kokio, Kokia
kauaiensis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine
lanaiensis, Neraudia spp. (NCN), Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Peperomia spp., Pipturus spp., Pisonia sandwicensis,
Pleomele aurea, Poa sandvicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia
spp., Psychotria spp., Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis,
Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium, Schiedea spp., Syzygium
sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Xylosma hawaiiense, or Zanthoxylum
dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to Pteralyxia kauaiensis are habitat destruction
by feral animals and competition with introduced plants. Animals
affecting the survival of this species include feral goats and pigs,
and possibly rats, which may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten some
populations. Introduced plants competing with this species include
Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Erigeron karvinskianus,
Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, or Psidium guajava (HINHP Database
2000; Service 1995; 59 FR 9304).
Remya kauaiensis (NCN)
Remya kauaiensis, one of three species of a genus endemic to the
Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis
is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with
many sprawling branches covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips.
The lower surface of the leaves is covered with fine white hairs. This
species is distinguished from the other Kauai species in the genus by
being hairy, having shorter flower head stalks, and having narrower
tips on the floral bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).
Seedlings of this species have not been observed. Flowers have been
observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-
pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya
kauaiensis may be self-incompatible (Herbst 1988; Service 1995; 56 FR
1450).
Historically, this species was found at Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau,
Makaha, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and
Kauhao on Kauai. There are currently 17 known occurrences with a total
of 106 to 114 individuals on State-owned land. They occur in Hipalau
Valley, Awini Valley, Koaie Canyon, Mohihi Stream, the left branch of
Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and Nualolo Valleys, Kuia and Kawaiula
Valleys, Makaha Valley, Kauhao Valley, and Kaulaula Valley within the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kuia NAR, Na Pali Coast State Park, Na
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, and Waimea Canyon
State Park (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes at elevations between 560 and 1,247 m (1,836 and 4,090 ft). It
is found primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic
forest with Chamaesyce spp. (akoko), Claoxylon sandwicense, Dianella
sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis,
Melicope spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp., Schiedea spp., or Tetraplasandra spp. (HINHP Database 2000;
Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Remya kauaiensis include herbivory and
habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and
competition from nonnative plant species. Other threats include
erosion, fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events,
such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due
to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (Service
1995; 56 FR 1450).
Remya montgomeryi (NCN)
Remya montgomeryi in the aster family (Asteraceae) was discovered
in 1985 by Steven Montgomery on the sheer, virtually inaccessible
cliffs below the upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small
short-lived perennial shrub, about 1 m (3 ft) tall, with many sprawling
to weakly erect, smooth branches. The species is distinguished from R.
kauaiensis by being hairless, with longer flower head stalks and
broader floral bract tips (Wagner et al. 1999).
Seedlings of this species have not been observed. Flowers have been
observed in April through August and are probably insect-pollinated.
Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya montgomeryi may be
self-incompatible (Herbst 1988; 56 FR 1450).
Remya montgomeryi is known only from Kauai. Six occurrences with
143 individuals are reported on State-owned land in the left and right
branches of Kalalau Valley, Koaie Canyon, and Kuia Valley within the
Alakai Wilderness Preserve and Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; Herbst 1988; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Remya montgomeryi grows at elevations between 336 and 1,344 m
(1,102 and 4,411 ft), primarily on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes or cliffs in transitional wet or Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated mixed mesic forest. Associated native plant species include
Artemisia australis, Bobea spp., Boehmeria grandis, Cheirodendron spp.,
Claoxylon sandwicense, Cyrtandra spp., Dubautia spp., Ilex anomala,
Lepidium serra, Lysimachia spp. (kolokolo kuahiwi), Myrsine
linearifolia, Nototrichium spp., Pleomele aurea, Poa
[[Page 9133]]
mannii, Sadleria spp., Scaevola spp., Stenogyne campanulata,
Tetraplasandra spp., or Zanthoxylum dipetalum (HINHP Database 2000; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Remya montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat
degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition
from nonnative plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and
an increased risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g.,
landslides or hurricanes) because of the small size of the populations
and their limited distribution (Service 1995; 56 FR 1450).
Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli)
Schiedea apokremnos, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a low, branching short-lived perennial shrub 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20
in) tall with leaves that are somewhat fleshy. Schiedea apokremnos is
distinguished from related species by shorter sepals, nectaries, and
capsules (Wagner et al. 1999).
Some individuals of Schiedea apokremnos are functionally female and
must be cross-pollinated to set seed. This reproductive strategy may be
ineffective in populations with few individuals. Little is known about
the life history of Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).
Schiedea apokremnos has been collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki
Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long section of the Na Pali coast
including Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaalahina and Manono Ridges,
Haeleele Ridge, and as far north as Pohakuao Valley, all on the island
of Kauai. There is currently a total of five occurrences containing 201
individuals on State-owned lands. The species is extant at
Nakeikionaiwi, Pohakuao, Nualolo Valley, Haeleele Valley, and Kawaiiki
Valley within the Na Pali Coast State Park and Puu Ka Pele Forest
Reserve (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR 49639).
Schiedea apokremnos grows in the crevices of near-vertical basalt
coastal cliff faces, at elevations between 11 and 538 m (35 and 1,765
ft). The species grows in sparse dry coastal cliff shrub vegetation
along with Artemisia australis, Bidens spp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce
celastroides, Eragrostis variabilis, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta
connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Peperomia spp.,
Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odorata, or Wilkesia spp. (HINHP Database 2000;
56 FR 49639; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
The restriction of this species to inaccessible cliffs suggests
that goat herbivo