[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 7]
[Revised as of July 1, 2003]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1915.1001]
[Page 108-186]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR (CONTINUED)
PART 1915--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT--Table of Contents
Subpart Z--Toxic and Hazardous Substances
Sec. 1915.1001 Asbestos.
(a) Scope and application. This section regulates asbestos exposure
in all shipyard employment work as defined in 29 CFR part 1915,
including but not limited to the following:
(1) Demolition or salvage of structures, vessels, and vessel
sections where asbestos is present;
(2) Removal or encapsulation of materials containing asbestos;
(3) Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or renovation of
vessels, vessel sections, structures, substrates, or portions thereof,
that contain asbestos;
(4) Installation of products containing asbestos;
(5) Asbestos spill/emergency cleanup; and
(6) Transportation, disposal, storage, containment of and
housekeeping activities involving asbestos or products containing
asbestos, on the site or location at which construction activities are
performed.
(7) Coverage under this standard shall be based on the nature of the
work operation involving asbestos exposure.
(8) This section does not apply to asbestos-containing asphalt roof
cements, coatings and mastics.
(b) Definitions.
Aggressive method means removal or disturbance of building/vessel
materials by sanding, abrading, grinding, or other method that breaks,
crumbles, or otherwise disintegrates intact ACM.
Amended water means water to which surfactant (wetting agent) has
been added to increase the ability of the liquid to penetrate ACM.
Asbestos includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite
asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, actinolite asbestos, and any of these
minerals that has been chemically treated and/or altered. For purposes
of this standard, asbestos includes PACM, as defined below.
Asbestos-containing material, (ACM) means any material containing
more than one percent asbestos.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.
Authorized person means any person authorized by the employer and
required by work duties to be present in regulated areas.
Building/facility/vessel owner is the legal entity, including a
lessee, which exercises control over management and record keeping
functions relating to a building, facility, and/or vessel in which
activities covered by this standard take place.
Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) means one certified in the
practice of industrial hygiene by the American Board of Industrial
Hygiene.
Class I asbestos work means activities involving the removal of
thermal system insulation or surfacing ACM/PACM.
Class II asbestos work means activities involving the removal of ACM
which is neither TSI or surfacing ACM. This includes, but is not limited
to, the removal of asbestos-containing wallboard, floor tile and
sheeting, roofing and siding shingles, and construction mastics.
Class III asbestos work means repair and maintenance operations,
where ``ACM'', including TSI and surfacing ACM and PACM, is likely to be
disturbed.
Class IV asbestos work means maintenance and custodial activities
during which employees contact but do not disturb ACM or PACM and
activities to
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clean up dust, waste and debris resulting from Class I, II, and III
activities.
Clean room means an uncontaminated room having facilities for the
storage of employees' street clothing and uncontaminated materials and
equipment.
Closely resemble means that the major workplace conditions which
have contributed to the levels of historic asbestos exposure, are no
more protective than conditions of the current workplace.
Competent person see qualified person.
Critical barrier means one or more layers of plastic sealed over all
openings into a work area or any other physical barrier sufficient to
prevent airborne asbestos in a work area from migrating to an adjacent
area.
Decontamination area means an enclosed area adjacent and connected
to the regulated area and consisting of an equipment room, shower area,
and clean room, which is used for the decontamination of workers,
materials, and equipment that are contaminated with asbestos.
Demolition means the wrecking or taking out of any load-supporting
structural member and any related razing, removing, or stripping of
asbestos products.
Director means the Director, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or
designee.
Disturbance means activities that disrupt the matrix of ACM or PACM,
crumble or pulverize ACM or PACM, or generate visible debris from ACM or
PACM. Disturbance includes cutting away small amounts of ACM and PACM,
no greater than the amount which can be contained in one standard sized
glove bag or waste bag, in order to access a building or vessel
component. In no event shall the amount of ACM or PACM so disturbed
exceed that which can be contained in one glove bag or waste bag which
shall not exceed 60 inches in length and width.
Employee exposure means that exposure to airborne asbestos that
would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protective
equipment.
Equipment room (change room) means a contaminated room located
within the decontamination area that is supplied with impermeable bags
or containers for the disposal of contaminated protective clothing and
equipment.
Fiber means a particulate form of asbestos, 5 micrometers or longer,
with a length-to-diameter ratio of at least 3 to 1.
Glovebag means not more than a 60x60 inch impervious plastic bag-
like enclosure affixed around an asbestos-containing material, with
glove-like appendages through which material and tools may be handled.
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter means a filter capable
of trapping and retaining at least 99.97 percent of all mono-dispersed
particles of 0.3 micrometers in diameter.
Homogeneous area means an area of surfacing material or thermal
system insulation that is uniform in color and texture.
Industrial hygienist means a professional qualified by education,
training, and experience to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop
controls for occupational health hazards.
Intact means that the ACM has not crumbled, been pulverized, or
otherwise deteriorated so that the asbestos is no longer likely to be
bound with its matrix.
Modification for purposes of paragraph (g)(6)(ii) of this section
means a changed or altered procedure, material or component of a control
system, which replaces a procedure, material or component of a required
system. Omitting a procedure or component, or reducing or diminishing
the stringency or strength of a material or component of the control
system is not a ``modification'' for purposes of paragraph (g)(6) of
this section.
Negative Initial Exposure Assessment means a demonstration by the
employer, which complies with the criteria in paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of
this section, that employee exposure during an operation is expected to
be consistently below the PELs.
PACM means presumed asbestos containing material.
Presumed asbestos containing material means thermal system
insulation and surfacing material found in buildings, vessels, and
vessel sections constructed no later than 1980. The designation of a
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material as ``PACM'' may be rebutted pursuant to paragraph (k)(5) of
this section.
Project Designer means a person who has successfully completed the
training requirements for an abatement project designer established by
40 U.S.C. Sec. 763.90(g).
Qualified person means, in addition to the definition in 29 CFR
1926.32(f), one who is capable of identifying existing asbestos hazards
in the workplace and selecting the appropriate control strategy for
asbestos exposure, who has the authority to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them, as specified in 29 CFR 1926.32(f); in
addition, for Class I and Class II work who is specially trained in a
training course which meets the criteria of EPA's Model Accreditation
Plan (40 CFR part 763) for supervisor, or its equivalent, and for Class
III and Class IV work, who is trained in a manner consistent with EPA
requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and
custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2).
Regulated area means an area established by the employer to
demarcate areas where Class I, II, and III asbestos work is conducted,
and any adjoining area where debris and waste from such asbestos work
accumulate; and a work area within which airborne concentrations of
asbestos, exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible
exposure limit. Requirements for regulated areas are set out in
paragraph (e) of this section.
Removal means all operations where ACM and/or PACM is taken out or
stripped from structures or substrates, and includes demolition
operations.
Renovation means the modifying of any existing vessel, vessel
section, structure, or portion thereof.
Repair means overhauling, rebuilding, reconstructing, or
reconditioning of vessels, vessel sections, structures or substrates,
including encapsulation or other repair of ACM or PACM attached to
structures or substrates.
Surfacing material means material that is sprayed, troweled-on or
otherwise applied to surfaces (such as acoustical plaster on ceilings
and fireproofing materials on structural members, or other materials on
surfaces for acoustical, fireproofing, and other purposes).
Surfacing ACM means surfacing material which contains more than 1%
asbestos.
Thermal system insulation (TSI) means ACM applied to pipes,
fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts or other structural
components to prevent heat loss or gain.
Thermal system insulation ACM is thermal system insulation which
contains more than 1% asbestos.
(c) Permissible exposure limits (PELS)--(1) Time-weighted average
limit (TWA). The employer shall ensure that no employee is exposed to an
airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 0.1 fiber per cubic
centimeter of air as an eight (8) hour time-weighted average (TWA), as
determined by the method prescribed in appendix A to this section, or by
an equivalent method.
(2) Excursion limit. The employer shall ensure that no employee is
exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 1.0 fiber
per cubic centimeter of air (1 f/cc) as averaged over a sampling period
of thirty (30) minutes, as determined by the method prescribed in
appendix A to this section, or by an equivalent method.
(d) Multi-employer worksites. (1) On multi-employer worksites, an
employer performing work requiring the establishment of a regulated area
shall inform other employers on the site of the nature of the employer's
work with asbestos and/or PACM, of the existence of and requirements
pertaining to regulated areas, and the measures taken to ensure that
employees of such other employers are not exposed to asbestos.
(2) Asbestos hazards at a multi-employer worksite shall be abated by
the contractor who created or controls the source of asbestos
contamination. For example, if there is a significant breach of an
enclosure containing Class I work, the employer responsible for erecting
the enclosure shall repair the breach immediately.
(3) In addition, all employers of employees exposed to asbestos
hazards shall comply with applicable protective provisions to protect
their employees. For example, if employees working immediately adjacent
to a Class I asbestos job are exposed to asbestos due to
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the inadequate containment of such job, their employer shall either
remove the employees from the area until the enclosure breach is
repaired; or perform an initial exposure assessment pursuant to
paragraph (f) of this section.
(4) All employers of employees working adjacent to regulated areas
established by another employer on a multi-employer worksite shall take
steps on a daily basis to ascertain the integrity of the enclosure and/
or the effectiveness of the control method relied on by the primary
asbestos contractor to assure that asbestos fibers do not migrate to
such adjacent areas.
(5) All general contractors on a shipyard project which includes
work covered by this standard shall be deemed to exercise general
supervisory authority over the work covered by this standard, even
though the general contractor is not qualified to serve as the asbestos
``qualified person'' as defined by paragraph (b) of this section. As
supervisor of the entire project, the general contractor shall ascertain
whether the asbestos contractor is in compliance with this standard, and
shall require such contractor to come into compliance with this standard
when necessary.
(e) Regulated areas. (1) All Class I, II and III asbestos work shall
be conducted within regulated areas. All other operations covered by
this standard shall be conducted within a regulated area where airborne
concentrations of asbestos exceed, or there is a reasonable possibility
they may exceed a PEL. Regulated areas shall comply with the
requirements of paragraphs (e) (2), (3), (4) and (5) of this section.
(2) Demarcation. The regulated area shall be demarcated in any
manner that minimizes the number of persons within the area and protects
persons outside the area from exposure to airborne asbestos. Where
critical barriers or negative pressure enclosures are used, they may
demarcate the regulated area. Signs shall be provided and displayed
pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (k)(7) of this section.
(3) Access. Access to regulated areas shall be limited to authorized
persons and to persons authorized by the Act or regulations issued
pursuant thereto.
(4) Respirators. All persons entering a regulated area where
employees are required pursuant to paragraph (h)(1) of this section to
wear respirators shall be supplied with a respirator selected in
accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section.
(5) Prohibited activities. The employer shall ensure that employees
do not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in the
regulated area.
(6) Qualified persons. The employer shall ensure that all asbestos
work performed within regulated areas is supervised by a qualified
person, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section. The duties of the
qualified person are set out in paragraph (o) of this section.
(f) Exposure assessments and monitoring--(1) General monitoring
criteria. (i) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation where
exposure monitoring is required under this section shall perform
monitoring to determine accurately the airborne concentrations of
asbestos to which employees may be exposed.
(ii) Determinations of employee exposure shall be made from
breathing zone air samples that are representative of the 8-hour TWA and
30-minute short-term exposures of each employee.
(iii) Representative 8-hour TWA employee exposure shall be
determined on the basis of one or more samples representing full-shift
exposure for employees in each work area. Representative 30-minute
short-term employee exposures shall be determined on the basis of one or
more samples representing 30 minute exposures associated with operations
that are most likely to produce exposures above the excursion limit for
employees in each work area.
(2) Initial exposure assessment. (i) Each employer who has a
workplace or work operation covered by this standard shall ensure that a
``qualified person'' conducts an exposure assessment immediately before
or at the initiation of the operation to ascertain expected exposures
during that operation or workplace. The assessment must be completed in
time to comply with requirements which are triggered by exposure data or
the lack of a ``negative exposure assessment,'' and to provide
information necessary to assure that all
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control systems planned are appropriate for that operation and will work
properly.
(ii) Basis of initial exposure assessment. Unless a negative
exposure assessment has been made pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of
this section, the initial exposure assessment shall, if feasible, be
based on monitoring conducted pursuant to paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this
section. The assessment shall take into consideration both the
monitoring results and all observations, information or calculations
which indicate employee exposure to asbestos, including any previous
monitoring conducted in the workplace, or of the operations of the
employer which indicate the levels of airborne asbestos likely to be
encountered on the job. For Class I asbestos work, until the employer
conducts exposure monitoring and documents that employees on that job
will not be exposed in excess of the PELs, or otherwise makes a negative
exposure assessment pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section,
the employer shall presume that employees are exposed in excess of the
TWA and excursion limit.
(iii) Negative initial exposure assessment. For any one specific
asbestos job which will be performed by employees who have been trained
in compliance with the standard, the employer may demonstrate that
employee exposures will be below the PELs by data which conform to the
following criteria:
(A) Objective data demonstrating that the product or material
containing asbestos minerals or the activity involving such product or
material cannot release airborne fibers in concentrations exceeding the
TWA and excursion limit under those work conditions having the greatest
potential for releasing asbestos; or
(B) Where the employer has monitored prior asbestos jobs for the PEL
and the excursion limit within 12 months of the current or projected
job, the monitoring and analysis were performed in compliance with the
asbestos standard in effect; and the data were obtained during work
operations conducted under workplace conditions ``closely resembling''
the processes, type of material, control methods, work practices, and
environmental conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current
operations, the operations were conducted by employees whose training
and experience are no more extensive than that of employees performing
the current job, and these data show that under the conditions
prevailing and which will prevail in the current workplace there is a
high degree of certainty that employee exposures will not exceed the TWA
and excursion limit; or
(C) The results of initial exposure monitoring of the current job
made from breathing zone air samples that are representative of the 8-
hour TWA and 30-minute short-term exposures of each employee covering
operations which are most likely during the performance of the entire
asbestos job to result in exposures over the PELs.
(3) Periodic monitoring--(i) Class I and II operations. The employer
shall conduct daily monitoring that is representative of the exposure of
each employee who is assigned to work within a regulated area who is
performing Class I or II work, unless the employer pursuant to paragraph
(f)(2)(iii) of this section, has made a negative exposure assessment for
the entire operation.
(ii) All operations under the standard other than Class I and II
operations. The employer shall conduct periodic monitoring of all work
where exposures are expected to exceed a PEL, at intervals sufficient to
document the validity of the exposure prediction.
(iii) Exception. When all employees required to be monitored daily
are equipped with supplied-air respirators operated in the pressure
demand mode, or other positive pressure mode respirator, the employer
may dispense with the daily monitoring required by this paragraph.
However, employees performing Class I work using a control method which
is not listed in paragraph (g)(4) (i), (ii), or (iii) of this section or
using a modification of a listed control method, shall continue to be
monitored daily even if they are equipped with supplied-air respirators.
(4) Termination of monitoring. (i) If the periodic monitoring
required by paragraph (f)(3) of this section reveals that employee
exposures, as indicated by statistically reliable measurements, are
below the permissible exposure
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limit and excursion limit the employer may discontinue monitoring for
those employees whose exposures are represented by such monitoring.
(ii) Additional monitoring. Notwithstanding the provisions of
paragraph (f) (2) and (3), and (f)(4) of this section, the employer
shall institute the exposure monitoring required under paragraph (f)(3)
of this section whenever there has been a change in process, control
equipment, personnel or work practices that may result in new or
additional exposures above the permissible exposure limit and/or
excursion limit or when the employer has any reason to suspect that a
change may result in new or additional exposures above the permissible
exposure limit and/or excursion limit. Such additional monitoring is
required regardless of whether a ``negative exposure assessment'' was
previously produced for a specific job.
(5) Employee notification of monitoring results. (i) The employer
shall notify affected employees of the monitoring results that represent
that employee's exposure as soon as possible following receipt of
monitoring results.
(ii) The employer shall notify affected employees of the results of
monitoring representing the employee's exposure in writing either
individually or by posting at a centrally located place that is
accessible to affected employees.
(6) Observation of monitoring. (i) The employer shall provide
affected employees and their designated representatives an opportunity
to observe any monitoring of employee exposure to asbestos conducted in
accordance with this section.
(ii) When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to
asbestos requires entry into an area where the use of protective
clothing or equipment is required, the observer shall be provided with
and be required to use such clothing and equipment and shall comply with
all other applicable safety and health procedures.
(g) Methods of compliance--(1) Engineering controls and work
practices for all operations covered by this section. The employer shall
use the following engineering controls and work practices in all
operations covered by this section, regardless of the levels of
exposure:
(i) Vacuum cleaners equipped with HEPA filters to collect all debris
and dust containing ACM and PACM, except as provided in paragraph
(g)(8)(ii) of this section in the case of roofing material;
(ii) Wet methods, or wetting agents, to control employee exposures
during asbestos handling, mixing, removal, cutting, application, and
cleanup, except where employers demonstrate that the use of wet methods
is infeasible due to for example, the creation of electrical hazards,
equipment malfunction, and, in roofing, except as provided in paragraph
(g)(8)(ii) of this section; and
(iii) Prompt clean-up and disposal of wastes and debris contaminated
with asbestos in leak-tight containers except in roofing operations,
where the procedures specified in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section
apply.
(2) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (g)(1) of this
section above, the employer shall use the following control methods to
achieve compliance with the TWA permissible exposure limit and excursion
limit prescribed by paragraph (c) of this section;
(i) Local exhaust ventilation equipped with HEPA filter dust
collection systems;
(ii) Enclosure or isolation of processes producing asbestos dust;
(iii) Ventilation of the regulated area to move contaminated air
away from the breathing zone of employees and toward a filtration or
collection device equipped with a HEPA filter;
(iv) Use of other work practices and engineering controls that the
Assistant Secretary can show to be feasible.
(v) Wherever the feasible engineering and work practice controls
described above are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or
below the permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit prescribed
in paragraph (c) of this section, the employer shall use them to reduce
employee exposure to the lowest levels attainable by these controls and
shall supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies
with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section.
(3) Prohibitions. The following work practices and engineering
controls shall not be used for work related to
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asbestos or for work which disturbs ACM or PACM, regardless of measured
levels of asbestos exposure or the results of initial exposure
assessments:
(i) High-speed abrasive disc saws that are not equipped with point
of cut ventilator or enclosures with HEPA filtered exhaust air.
(ii) Compressed air used to remove asbestos, or materials containing
asbestos, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with an
enclosed ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud created
by the compressed air.
(iii) Dry sweeping, shoveling or other dry clean-up of dust and
debris containing ACM and PACM.
(iv) Employee rotation as a means of reducing employee exposure to
asbestos.
(4) Class I requirements. In addition to the provisions of
paragraphs (g) (1) and (2) of this section, the following engineering
controls and work practices and procedures shall be used.
(i) All Class I work, including the installation and operation of
the control system shall be supervised by a qualified person as defined
in paragraph (b) of this section;
(ii) For all Class I jobs involving the removal of more than 25
linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM; for all other
Class I jobs, where the employer cannot produce a negative exposure
assessment pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, or where
employees are working in areas adjacent to the regulated area, while the
Class I work is being performed, the employer shall use one of the
following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does not migrate from
the regulated area:
(A) Critical barriers shall be placed over all the openings to the
regulated area, except where activities are performed outdoors; or
(B) The employer shall use another barrier or isolation method which
prevents the migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as
verified by perimeter area surveillance during each work shift at each
boundary of the regulated area, showing no visible asbestos dust; and
perimeter area monitoring showing that clearance levels contained in 40
CFR part 763, subpart E of the EPA Asbestos in Schools Rule are met, or
that perimeter area levels, measured by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM)
are no more than background levels representing the same area before the
asbestos work began. The results of such monitoring shall be made known
to the employer no later than 24 hours from the end of the work shift
represented by such monitoring. Exception: For work completed outdoors
where employees are not working in areas adjacent to the regulated
areas, this paragraph (g)(4)(ii) is satisfied when the specific control
methods in paragraph (g)(5) of this section are used.
(iii) For all Class I jobs, HVAC systems shall be isolated in the
regulated area by sealing with a double layer of 6 mil plastic or the
equivalent;
(iv) For all Class I jobs, impermeable dropcloths shall be placed on
surfaces beneath all removal activity;
(v) For all Class I jobs, all objects within the regulated area
shall be covered with impermeable dropcloths or plastic sheeting which
is secured by duct tape or an equivalent.
(vi) For all Class I jobs where the employer cannot produce a
negative exposure assessment or where exposure monitoring shows the PELs
are exceeded, the employer shall ventilate the regulated area to move
contaminated air away from the breathing zone of employees toward a HEPA
filtration or collection device.
(5) Specific control systems for Class I work. In addition, Class I
asbestos work shall be performed using one or more of the following
control methods pursuant to the limitations stated below:
(i) Negative pressure enclosure (NPE) systems. NPE systems may be
used where the configuration of the work area does not make the erection
of the enclosure infeasible, with the following specifications and work
practices.
(A) Specifications--(1) The negative pressure enclosure (NPE) may be
of any configuration,
(2) At least 4 air changes per hour shall be maintained in the NPE,
(3) A minimum of -0.02 column inches of water pressure differential,
relative to outside pressure, shall be maintained within the NPE as
evidenced by manometric measurements,
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(4) The NPE shall be kept under negative pressure throughout the
period of its use, and
(5) Air movement shall be directed away from employees performing
asbestos work within the enclosure, and toward a HEPA filtration or a
collection device.
(B) Work practices--(1) Before beginning work within the enclosure
and at the beginning of each shift, the NPE shall be inspected for
breaches and smoke-tested for leaks, and any leaks sealed.
(2) Electrical circuits in the enclosure shall be deactivated,
unless equipped with ground-fault circuit interrupters.
(ii) Glove bag systems may be used to remove PACM and/or ACM from
straight runs of piping and elbows and other connections with the
following specifications and work practices:
(A) Specifications--(1) Glovebags shall be made of 6 mil thick
plastic and shall be seamless at the bottom.
(2) Glovebags used on elbows and other connections must be designed
for that purpose and used without modifications.
(B) Work practices--(1) Each glovebag shall be installed so that it
completely covers the circumference of pipes or other structures where
the work is to be done.
(2) Glovebags shall be smoke-tested for leaks and any leaks sealed
prior to use.
(3) Glovebags may be used only once and may not be moved.
(4) Glovebags shall not be used on surfaces whose temperature
exceeds 150 deg.F.
(5) Prior to disposal, glovebags shall be collapsed by removing air
within them using a HEPA vacuum.
(6) Before beginning the operation, loose and friable material
adjacent to the glovebag/box operation shall be wrapped and sealed in
two layers of six mil plastic or otherwise rendered intact.
(7) Where a system uses an attached waste bag, such bag shall be
connected to a collection bag using hose or other material which shall
withstand the pressure of ACM waste and water without losing its
integrity.
(8) A sliding valve or other device shall separate the waste bag
from the hose to ensure no exposure when the waste bag is disconnected.
(9) At least two persons shall perform Class I glovebag removal
operations.
(iii) Negative pressure glove bag systems. Negative pressure glove
bag systems may be used to remove ACM or PACM from piping.
(A) Specifications: In addition to the specifications for glove bag
systems above, negative pressure glove bag systems shall attach the HEPA
vacuum system or other device to the bag to prevent collapse during
removal.
(B) Work practices--(1) The employer shall comply with the work
practices for glove bag systems in paragraph (g)(5)(ii)(B)(4) of this
section,
(2) The HEPA vacuum cleaner or other device used to prevent collapse
of bag during removal shall run continually during the operation until
it is completed at which time the bag shall be collapsed prior to
removal of the bag from the pipe.
(3) Where a separate waste bag is used along with a collection bag
and discarded after one use, the collection bag may be reused if rinsed
clean with amended water before reuse.
(iv) Negative pressure glove box systems. Negative pressure glove
boxes may be used to remove ACM or PACM from pipe runs with the
following specifications and work practices.
(A) Specifications--(1) Glove boxes shall be constructed with rigid
sides and made from metal or other material which can withstand the
weight of the ACM and PACM and water used during removal:
(2) A negative pressure generator shall be used to create negative
pressure in the system:
(3) An air filtration unit shall be attached to the box:
(4) The box shall be fitted with gloved apertures:
(5) An aperture at the base of the box shall serve as a bagging
outlet for waste ACM and water:
(6) A back-up generator shall be present on site:
(7) Waste bags shall consist of 6 mil thick plastic double-bagged
before they are filled or plastic thicker than 6 mil.
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(B) Work practices--(1) At least two persons shall perform the
removal:
(2) The box shall be smoke-tested for leaks and any leaks sealed
prior to each use.
(3) Loose or damaged ACM adjacent to the box shall be wrapped and
sealed in two layers of 6 mil plastic prior to the job, or otherwise
made intact prior to the job.
(4) A HEPA filtration system shall be used to maintain pressure
barrier in box.
(v) Water spray process system. A water spray process system may be
used for removal of ACM and PACM from cold line piping if, employees
carrying out such process have completed a 40-hour separate training
course in its use, in addition to training required for employees
performing Class I work. The system shall meet the following
specifications and shall be performed by employees using the following
work practices.
(A) Specifications--(1) Piping from which insulation will be removed
shall be surrounded on 3 sides by rigid framing,
(2) A 360 degree water spray, delivered through nozzles supplied by
a high pressure separate water line, shall be formed around the piping.
(3) The spray shall collide to form a fine aerosol which provides a
liquid barrier between workers and the ACM and PACM.
(B) Work practices--(1) The system shall be run for at least 10
minutes before removal begins.
(2) All removal shall take place within the barrier.
(3) The system shall be operated by at least three persons, one of
whom shall not perform removal but shall check equipment, and ensure
proper operation of the system.
(4) After removal, the ACM and PACM shall be bagged while still
inside the water barrier.
(vi) A small walk-in enclosure which accommodates no more than two
persons (mini-enclosure) may be used if the disturbance or removal can
be completely contained by the enclosure, with the following
specifications and work practices.
(A) Specifications--(1) The fabricated or job-made enclosure shall
be constructed of 6 mil plastic or equivalent:
(2) The enclosure shall be placed under negative pressure by means
of a HEPA filtered vacuum or similar ventilation unit:
(B) Work practices--(1) Before use, the mini-enclosure shall be
inspected for leaks and smoketested to detect breaches, and any breaches
sealed.
(2) Before reuse, the interior shall be completely washed with
amended water and HEPA-vacuumed.
(3) During use, air movement shall be directed away from the
employee's breathing zone within the mini-enclosure.
(6) Alternative control methods for Class I work. Class I work may
be performed using a control method which is not referenced in paragraph
(g)(5) of this section, or which modifies a control method referenced in
paragraph (g)(5) of this section, if the following provisions are
complied with:
(i) The control method shall enclose, contain or isolate the
processes or source of airborne asbestos dust, or otherwise capture or
redirect such dust before it enters the breathing zone of employees.
(ii) A certified industrial hygienist or licensed professional
engineer who is also qualified as a project designer as defined in
paragraph (b) of this section, shall evaluate the work area, the
projected work practices and the engineering controls and shall certify
in writing that: the planned control method is adequate to reduce direct
and indirect employee exposure to below the PELs under worst-case
conditions of use, and that the planned control method will prevent
asbestos contamination outside the regulated area, as measured by
clearance sampling which meets the requirements of EPA's Asbestos in
Schools Rule issued under AHERA, or perimeter monitoring which meets the
criteria in paragraph (g)(4)(ii)(B) of this section.
(A) Where the TSI or surfacing material to be removed is 25 linear
or 10 square feet or less , the evaluation required in paragraph (g)(6)
of this section may be performed by a ``qualified person'', and may omit
consideration
[[Page 117]]
of perimeter or clearance monitoring otherwise required.
(B) The evaluation of employee exposure required in paragraph (g)(6)
of this section, shall include and be based on sampling and analytical
data representing employee exposure during the use of such method under
worst-case conditions and by employees whose training and experience are
equivalent to employees who are to perform the current job.
(iii) Before work which involves the removal of more than 25 linear
or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM/PACM is begun using an
alternative method which has been the subject of a paragraph (g)(6) of
this section required evaluation and certification, the employer shall
send a copy of such evaluation and certification to the national office
of OSHA, Office of Technical Support, Room N3653, 200 Constitution
Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20210. The submission shall not constitute
approval by OSHA.
(7) Work practices and engineering controls for Class II work. (i)
All Class II work shall be supervised by a qualified person as defined
in paragraph (b) of this section.
(ii) For all indoor Class II jobs, where the employer has not
produced a negative exposure assessment pursuant to paragraph
(f)(2)(iii) of this section, or where during the job, changed conditions
indicate there may be exposure above the PEL or where the employer does
not remove the ACM in a substantially intact state, the employer shall
use one of the following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does
not migrate from the regulated area;
(A) Critical barriers shall be placed over all openings to the
regulated area; or,
(B) The employer shall use another barrier or isolation method which
prevents the migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as
verified by perimeter area monitoring or clearance monitoring which
meets the criteria set out in paragraph (g)(4)(ii)(B) of this section.
(C) Impermeable dropcloths shall be placed on surfaces beneath all
removal activity;
(iii) [Reserved]
(iv) All Class II asbestos work shall be performed using the work
practices and requirements set out above in paragraph (g)(1)(i) through
(g)(1)(iii) of this section.
(8) Additional controls for Class II work. Class II asbestos work
shall also be performed by complying with the work practices and
controls designated for each type of asbestos work to be performed, set
out in this paragraph. Where more than one control method may be used
for a type of asbestos work, the employer may choose one or a
combination of designated control methods. Class II work also may be
performed using a method allowed for Class I work, except that glove
bags and glove boxes are allowed if they fully enclose the Class II
material to be removed.
(i) For removing vinyl and asphalt flooring/deck materials which
contain ACM or for which in buildings constructed not later than 1980,
the employer has not verified the absence of ACM pursuant to paragraph
(g)(8)(i)(I): the employer shall ensure that employees comply with the
following work practices and that employees are trained in these
practices pursuant to paragraph (k)(9) of this section:
(A) Flooring/deck materials or its backing shall not be sanded.
(B) Vacuums equipped with HEPA filter, disposable dust bag, and
metal floor tool (no brush) shall be used to clean floors.
(C) Resilient sheeting shall be removed by cutting with wetting of
the snip point and wetting during delamination. Rip-up of resilient
sheet floor material is prohibited.
(D) All scraping of residual adhesive and/or backing shall be
performed using wet methods.
(E) Dry sweeping is prohibited.
(F) Mechanical chipping is prohibited unless performed in a negative
pressure enclosure which meets the requirements of paragraph (g)(5)(i)
of this section.
(G) Tiles shall be removed intact, unless the employer demonstrates
that intact removal is not possible.
(H) When tiles are heated and can be removed intact, wetting may be
omitted.
[[Page 118]]
(I) Resilient flooring/deck material in buildings/vessels
constructed no later than 1980, including associated mastic and backing
shall be assumed to be asbestos-containing unless an industrial
hygienist determines that it is asbestos-free using recognized
analytical techniques.
(ii) For removing roofing material which contains ACM the employer
shall ensure that the following work practices are followed:
(A) Roofing material shall be removed in an intact state to the
extent feasible.
(B) Wet methods shall be used to remove roofing materials that are
not intact, or that will be rendered not intact during removal, unless
such wet methods are not feasible or will create safety hazards.
(C) Cutting machines shall be continuously misted during use, unless
a competent person determines that misting substantially decreases
worker safety.
(D) When removing built-up roofs with asbestos-containing roofing
felts and an aggregate surface using a power roof cutter, all dust
resulting from the cutting operation shall be collected by a HEPA dust
collector, or shall be HEPA vacuumed by vacuuming along the cut line.
When removing built-up roofs with asbestos-containing roofing felts and
a smooth surface using a power roof cutter, the dust resulting from the
cutting operation shall be collected either by a HEPA dust collector or
HEPA vacuuming along the cut line, or by gently sweeping and then
carefully and completely wiping up the still-wet dust and debris left
along the cut line. The dust and debris shall be immediately bagged or
placed in covered containers.
(E) Asbestos-containing material that has been removed from a roof
shall not be dropped or thrown to the ground. Unless the material is
carried or passed to the ground by hand, it shall be lowered to the
ground via covered, dust-tight chute, crane or hoist:
(1) Any ACM that is not intact shall be lowered to the ground as
soon as is practicable, but in any event no later than the end of the
work shift. While the material remains on the roof it shall either be
kept wet, placed in an impermeable waste bag, or wrapped in plastic
sheeting.
(2) Intact ACM shall be lowered to the ground as soon as is
practicable, but in any event no later than the end of the work shift.
(F) Upon being lowered, unwrapped material shall be transferred to a
closed receptacle in such manner so as to preclude the dispersion of
dust.
(G) Roof level heating and ventilation air intake sources shall be
isolated or the ventilation system shall be shut down.
(H) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, removal or
repair of sections of intact roofing less than 25 square feet in area
does not require use of wet methods or HEPA vacuuming as long as manual
methods which do not render the material non-intact are used to remove
the material and no visible dust is created by the removal method used.
In determining whether a job involves less than 25 square feet, the
employer shall include all removal and repair work performed on the same
roof on the same day.
(iii) When removing cementitious asbestos-containing siding and
shingles or transite panels containing ACM on building exteriors (other
than roofs, where paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section applies) the
employer shall ensure that the following work practices are followed:
(A) Cutting, abrading or breaking siding, shingles, or transite
panels shall be prohibited unless the employer can demonstrate that
methods less likely to result in asbestos fiber release cannot be used.
(B) Each panel or shingle shall be sprayed with amended water prior
to removal.
(C) Unwrapped or unbagged panels or shingles shall be immediately
lowered to the ground via a covered dust-tight chute, crane or hoist, or
be placed in an impervious waste bag or wrapped in plastic sheeting and
lowered to the ground no later than the end of the work shift.
(D) Nails shall be cut with flat, sharp instruments.
(iv) When removing gaskets containing ACM, the employer shall ensure
that the following work practices are followed:
[[Page 119]]
(A) If a gasket is visibly deteriorated and unlikely to be removed
intact, removal shall be undertaken within a glovebag as described in
paragraph (g)(5)(ii) of this section.
(B) [Reserved]
(C) The gasket shall be immediately placed in a disposal container.
(D) Any scraping to remove residue must be performed wet.
(v) When performing any other Class II removal of asbestos
containing material for which specific controls have not been listed in
paragraph (g)(8)(iv) (A) through (D) of this section, the employer shall
ensure that the following work practices are complied with.
(A) The material shall be thoroughly wetted with amended water prior
to and during its removal.
(B) The material shall be removed in an intact state unless the
employer demonstrates that intact removal is not possible.
(C) Cutting, abrading or breaking the material shall be prohibited
unless the employer can demonstrate that methods less likely to result
in asbestos fiber release are not feasible.
(D) Asbestos-containing material removed, shall be immediately
bagged or wrapped, or kept wetted until transferred to a closed
receptacle, no later than the end of the work shift.
(vi) Alternative work practices and controls. Instead of the work
practices and controls listed in paragraphs (g)(8) (i) through (v) of
this section, the employer may use different or modified engineering and
work practice controls if the following provisions are complied with.
(A) The employer shall demonstrate by data representing employee
exposure during the use of such method under conditions which closely
resemble the conditions under which the method is to be used, that
employee exposure will not exceed the PELs under any anticipated
circumstances.
(B) A qualified person shall evaluate the work area, the projected
work practices and the engineering controls, and shall certify in
writing, that the different or modified controls are adequate to reduce
direct and indirect employee exposure to below the PELs under all
expected conditions of use and that the method meets the requirements of
this standard. The evaluation shall include and be based on data
representing employee exposure during the use of such method under
conditions which closely resemble the conditions under which the method
is to be used for the current job, and by employees whose training and
experience are equivalent to employees who are to perform the current
job.
(9) Work practices and engineering controls for Class III asbestos
work. Class III asbestos work shall be conducted using engineering and
work practice controls which minimize the exposure to employees
performing the asbestos work and to bystander employees.
(i) The work shall be performed using wet methods.
(ii) To the extent feasible, the work shall be performed using local
exhaust ventilation.
(iii) Where the disturbance involves drilling, cutting, abrading,
sanding, chipping, breaking, or sawing of thermal system insulation or
surfacing material, the employer shall use impermeable dropcloths and
shall isolate the operation using mini-enclosures or glove bag systems
pursuant to paragraph (g)(5) of this section or another isolation
method.
(iv) Where the employer does not demonstrate by a negative exposure
assessment performed in compliance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this
section that the PELs will not be exceeded, or where monitoring results
show exceedances of a PEL, the employer shall contain the area using
impermeable dropcloths and plastic barriers or their equivalent, or
shall isolate the operation using mini-enclosure or glove bag systems
pursuant to paragraph (g)(5) of this section.
(v) Employees performing Class III jobs which involve the
disturbance of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM or where the employer does
not demonstrate by a ``negative exposure assessment'' in compliance with
paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section that the PELs will not be exceeded
or where monitoring results show exceedances of the PEL, shall wear
respirators which are selected, used and fitted pursuant to provisions
of paragraph (h) of this section.
[[Page 120]]
(10) Class IV asbestos work. Class IV asbestos jobs shall be
conducted by employees trained pursuant to the asbestos awareness
training program set out in paragraph (k)(9) of this section. In
addition, all Class IV jobs shall be conducted in conformity with the
requirements set out in paragraph (g)(1) of this section, mandating wet
methods, HEPA vacuums, and prompt clean up of debris containing ACM or
PACM.
(i) Employees cleaning up debris and waste in a regulated area where
respirators are required shall wear respirators which are selected, used
and fitted pursuant to provisions of paragraph (h) of this section.
(ii) Employers of employees cleaning up waste and debris in an area
where friable TSI or surfacing ACM/PACM is accessible, shall assume that
such waste and debris contain asbestos.
(11) Specific compliance methods for brake and clutch repair--(i)
Engineering controls and work practices for brake and clutch repair and
service. During automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly,
repair and assembly operations, the employer shall institute engineering
controls and work practices to reduce employee exposure to materials
containing asbestos using a negative pressure enclosure/HEPA vacuum
system method or low pressure/wet cleaning method, which meets the
detailed requirements set out in appendix L to this section. The
employer may also comply using an equivalent method which follows
written procedures which the employer demonstrates can achieve results
equivalent to Method A. For facilities in which no more than 5 pair of
brakes or 5 clutches are inspected, disassembled, repaired, or assembled
per week, the method set for in paragraph [D] of appendix L to this
section may be used.
(ii) The employer may also comply by using an equivalent method
which follows written procedures, which the employer demonstrates can
achieve equivalent exposure reductions as do the two ``preferred
methods.'' Such demonstration must include monitoring data conducted
under workplace conditions closely resembling the process, type of
asbestos containing materials, control method, work practices and
environmental conditions which the equivalent method will be used, or
objective data, which document that under all reasonably foreseeable
conditions of brake and clutch repair applications, the method results
in exposures which are equivalent to the methods set out in appendix L
to this section.
(12) Alternative methods of compliance for installation, removal,
repair, and maintenance of certain roofing and pipeline coating
materials. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, an
employer who complies with all provisions of this paragraph (g)(12) when
installing, removing, repairing, or maintaining intact pipeline
asphaltic wrap, or roof flashings which contain asbestos fibers
encapsulated or coated by bituminous or resinous compounds shall be
deemed to be in compliance with this section. If an employer does not
comply with all provisions of this paragraph (g)(12) or if during the
course of the job the material does not remain intact, the provisions of
paragraph (g)(8) of this section apply instead of this paragraph
(g)(12).
(i) Before work begins and as needed during the job, a qualified
person who is capable of identifying asbestos hazards in the workplace
and selecting the appropriate control strategy for asbestos exposure,
and who has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to
eliminate such hazards, shall conduct an inspection of the worksite and
determine that the roofing material is intact and will likely remain
intact.
(ii) All employees performing work covered by this paragraph (g)(12)
shall be trained in a training program that meets the requirements of
paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section.
(iii) The material shall not be sanded, abraded, or ground. Manual
methods which do not render the material non-intact shall be used.
(iv) Material that has been removed from a roof shall not be dropped
or thrown to the ground. Unless the material is carried or passed to the
ground by hand, it shall be lowered to the ground via covered, dust-
tight chute, crane or hoist. All such material shall be removed from the
roof as soon as is practicable, but in any event no later than the end
of the work shift.
[[Page 121]]
(v) Where roofing products which have been labeled as containing
asbestos pursuant to paragraph (k)(8) of this section are installed on
non-residential roofs during operations covered by this paragraph
(g)(12), the employer shall notify the building owner of the presence
and location of such materials no later than the end of the job.
(vi) All removal or disturbance of pipeline asphaltic wrap shall be
performed using wet methods.
(h) Respiratory protection--(1) General. The employer shall provide
respirators, and ensure that they are used, where required by this
section. Respirators shall be used in the following circumstances:
(i) During all Class I asbestos jobs.
(ii) During all Class II work where the ACM is not removed in a
substantially intact state.
(iii) During all Class II and III work which is not performed using
wet methods, provided, however, that respirators need not be worn during
removal of ACM from sloped roofs when a negative exposure assessment has
been made and the ACM is removed in an intact state.
(iv) During all Class II and III asbestos jobs where the employer
does not produce a ``negative exposure assessment.''
(v) During all Class III jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is
being disturbed.
(vi) During all Class IV work performed within regulated areas where
employees performing other work are required to wear respirators.
(vii) During all work covered by this section where employees are
exposed above the TWA or excursion limit.
(viii) In emergencies.
(2) Respirator selection. (i) Where respirators are used, the
employer shall select and provide, at no cost to the employee, the
appropriate respirator as specified in table 1, or in paragraph
(h)(2)(iii) of this section, and shall ensure that the employee uses the
respirator provided.
(ii) The employer shall select respirators from among those jointly
approved as being acceptable for protection by the Mine Safety and
Health Administration (MSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) under the provisions of 30 CFR part 11.
(iii)(A) The employer shall provide a tight fitting powered, air-
purifying respirator in lieu of any negative-pressure respirator
specified in table 1 whenever:
(1) An employee chooses to use this type of respirator; and
(2) This respirator will provide adequate protection to the
employee.
(B) The employer shall inform any employee required to wear a
respirator under this paragraph that the employee may require the
employer to provide a powered, air-purifying respirator in lieu of a
negative pressure respirator.
Table 1--Respiratory Protection for Asbestos Fibers
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Airborne concentration of asbestos or
conditions of use Required respirator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Not in excess of 1 f/cc (10 X PEL), or Half-mask air purifying
otherwise as required independent of respirator other than a
exposure pursuant to paragraph disposable respirator,
(h)(2)(iv) of this section. equipped with high efficiency
filters.
Not in excess of 5 f/xx (50 X PEL)..... Full facepiece air-purifying
respirator equipped with high
efficiency filters.
Not in excess of 10 f/cc (100 X PEL)... Any powered air-purifying
respirator equipped with high
efficiency filters or any
supplied air respirator
operated in continuous flow
mode.
Not in excess of 100 f/cc (1,000 X PEL) Full facepiece supplied air
respirator operated in
pressure demand mode.
Greater than 100 f/cc (1,000 X PEL) or Full facepiece supplied air
unknown concentration. respirator operated in
pressure demand mode, equipped
with an auxiliary positive
pressure self-contained
breathing apparatus.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: a. Respirators assigned for high environmental concentrations may
be used at lower concentrations, or when required respirator use is
independent of concentration.
b. A high efficiency filter means a filter that is at least 99.97
percent efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 micrometers
in diameter or larger.
[[Page 122]]
(iv) In addition to the above selection criterion, the employer
shall provide a half-mask air purifying respirator, other than a
disposable respirator, equipped with high efficiency filters whenever
the employee performs the following activities: Class II and III
asbestos jobs where the employer does not produce a negative exposure
assessment; and Class III jobs where TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is
being disturbed.
(v) In addition to the selection criteria in paragraph (h)(2)(i)
through (iv), the employer shall provide a tight-fitting powered air
purifying respirator equipped with high efficiency filters or a full
facepiece supplied air respirator operated in the pressure demand mode
equipped with HEPA egress cartridges or an auxiliary positive pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus for all employees within the
regulated area where Class I work is being performed for which a
negative exposure assessment has not been produced and, the exposure
assessment indicates the exposure level will not exceed 1 f/cc as an 8-
hour time weighted average. A full facepiece supplied air respirator
operated in the pressure demand mode equipped with an auxiliary positive
pressure self-contained breathing apparatus shall be provided under such
conditions, if the exposure assessment indicates exposure levels above 1
f/cc as an 8-hour time weighted average.
(3) Respirator program. (i) Where respiratory protection is used,
the employer shall institute a respirator program in accordance with 29
CFR 1910.134(b), (d), (e), and (f).
(ii) The employer shall permit each employee who uses a filter
respirator to change the filter elements whenever an increase in
breathing resistance is detected and shall maintain an adequate supply
of filter elements for this purpose.
(iii) Employees who wear respirators shall be permitted to leave
work areas to wash their faces and respirator facepieces whenever
necessary to prevent skin irritation associated with respirator use.
(iv) No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of
respirators if, based on his or her most recent examination, an
examining physician determines that the employee will be unable to
function normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of
the employee or of other employees will be impaired by the use of a
respirator. Such employees shall be assigned to another job or given the
opportunity to transfer to a different position, the duties of which he
or she is able to perform with the same employer, in the same
geographical area, and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay
and other job benefits he or she had just prior to such transfer, if
such a different position is available.
(4) Respirator fit testing. (i) The employer shall ensure that the
respirator issued to the employee exhibits the least possible facepiece
leakage and that the respirator is fitted properly.
(ii) Employers shall perform either quantitative or qualitative face
fit tests at the time of initial fitting and at least every 6 months
thereafter for each employee wearing a negative-pressure respirator. The
qualitative fit tests may be used only for testing the fit of half-mask
respirators where they are permitted to be worn, or of full-facepiece
air purifying respirators where they are worn at levels at which half-
facepiece air purifying respirators are permitted. Qualitative and
quantitative fit tests shall be conducted in accordance with appendix C
to this section. The tests shall be used to select facepieces that
provide the required protection as prescribed in table 1, in paragraph
(h)(2)(i) of this section.
(i) Protective clothing--(1) General. The employer shall provide and
require the use of protective clothing, such as coveralls or similar
whole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any
employee exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos that exceed the
TWA and/or excursion limit prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section,
or for which a required negative exposure assessment is not produced, or
for any employee performing Class I operations which involve the removal
of over 25 linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM.
(2) Laundering. (i) The employer shall ensure that laundering of
contaminated clothing is done so as to prevent
[[Page 123]]
the release of airborne asbestos in excess of the TWA or excursion limit
prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section.
(ii) Any employer who gives contaminated clothing to another person
for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement in paragraph
(i)(2)(i) of this section to effectively prevent the release of airborne
asbestos in excess of the TWA excursion limit prescribed in paragraph
(c) of this section.
(3) Contaminated clothing. Contaminated clothing shall be
transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable
containers, and be labeled in accordance with paragraph (k) of this
section.
(4) Inspection of protective clothing. (i) The qualified person
shall examine worksuits worn by employees at least once per workshift
for rips or tears that may occur during the performance of work.
(ii) When rips or tears are detected while an employee is working,
rips and tears shall be immediately mended, or the worksuit shall be
immediately replaced.
(j) Hygiene facilities and practices for employees. (1) Requirements
for employees performing Class I asbestos jobs involving over 25 linear
or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM and PACM.
(i) Decontamination areas. For all Class I jobs involving over 25
linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM, the employer
shall establish a decontamination area that is adjacent and connected to
the regulated area for the decontamination of such employees. The
decontamination area shall consist of an equipment room, shower area,
and clean room in series. The employer shall ensure that employees enter
and exit the regulated area through the decontamination area.
(A) Equipment room. The equipment room shall be supplied with
impermeable, labeled bags and containers for the containment and
disposal of contaminated protective equipment.
(B) Shower area. Shower facilities shall be provided which comply
with 29 CFR 1910.141(d)(3), unless the employer can demonstrate that
they are not feasible. The showers shall be adjacent both to the
equipment room and the clean room, unless the employer can demonstrate
that this location is not feasible. Where the employer can demonstrate
that it is not feasible to locate the shower between the equipment room
and the clean room, or where the work is performed outdoors, or when the
work involving asbestos exposure takes place on board a ship, the
employers shall ensure that employees:
(1) Remove asbestos contamination from their worksuits in the
equipment room using a HEPA vacuum before proceeding to a shower that is
not adjacent to the work area; or
(2) Remove their contaminated worksuits in the equipment room, then
don clean worksuits, and proceed to a shower that is not adjacent to the
work area.
(C) Clean change room. The clean room shall be equipped with a
locker or appropriate storage container for each employee's use. When
the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to provide a clean
change area adjacent to the work area, or where the work is performed
outdoors, or when the work takes place aboard a ship, the employer may
permit employees engaged in Class I asbestos jobs to clean their
protective clothing with a portable HEPA-equipped vacuum before such
employees leave the regulated area. Following showering, such employees
however must then change into street clothing in clean change areas
provided by the employer which otherwise meet the requirements of this
section.
(ii) Decontamination area entry procedures. The employer shall
ensure that employees:
(A) Enter the decontamination area through the clean room;
(B) Remove and deposit street clothing within a locker provided for
their use; and
(C) Put on protective clothing and respiratory protection before
leaving the clean room.
(D) Before entering the regulated area, the employer shall ensure
that employees pass through the equipment room.
(iii) Decontamination area exit procedures. The employer shall
ensure that:
(A) Before leaving the regulated area, employees shall remove all
gross contamination and debris from their protective clothing.
[[Page 124]]
(B) Employees shall remove their protective clothing in the
equipment room and deposit the clothing in labeled impermeable bags or
containers.
(C) Employees shall not remove their respirators in the equipment
room.
(D) Employees shall shower prior to entering the clean room.
(E) After showering, employees shall enter the clean room before
changing into street clothes.
(iv) Lunch areas. Whenever food or beverages are consumed at the
worksite where employees are performing Class I asbestos work, the
employer shall provide lunch areas in which the airborne concentrations
of asbestos are below the permissible exposure limit and/or excursion
limit.
(2) Requirements for Class I work involving less than 25 linear or
10 square feet of TSI or surfacing and PACM, and for Class II and Class
III asbestos work operations where exposures exceed a PEL or where there
is no negative exposure assessment produced before the operation. (i)
The employer shall establish an equipment room or area that is adjacent
to the regulated area for the decontamination of employees and their
equipment which is contaminated with asbestos which shall consist of an
area covered by a impermeable drop cloth on the floor/deck or horizontal
working surface.
(ii) The area must be of sufficient size as to accommodate cleaning
of equipment and removing personal protective equipment without
spreading contamination beyond the area (as determined by visible
accumulations).
(iii) Work clothing must be cleaned with a HEPA vacuum before it is
removed.
(iv) All equipment and surfaces of containers filled with ACM must
be cleaned prior to removing them from the equipment room or area.
(v) The employer shall ensure that employees enter and exit the
regulated area through the equipment room or area.
(3) Requirements for Class IV work. Employers shall ensure that
employees performing Class IV work within a regulated area comply with
the hygiene practice required of employees performing work which has a
higher classification within that regulated area. Otherwise employers of
employees cleaning up debris and material which is TSI or surfacing ACM
or identified as PACM shall provide decontamination facilities for such
employees which are required by paragraph (j)(2) of this section.
(4) Smoking in work areas. The employer shall ensure that employees
do not smoke in work areas where they are occupationally exposed to
asbestos because of activities in that work area.
(k) Communication of hazards. (1) This section applies to the
communication of information concerning asbestos hazards in shipyard
employment activities to facilitate compliance with this standard. Most
asbestos-related shipyard activities involve previously installed
building materials. Building/vessel owners often are the only and/or
best sources of information concerning them. Therefore, they, along with
employers of potentially exposed employees, are assigned specific
information conveying and retention duties under this section. Installed
Asbestos Containing Building/Vessel Material: Employers and building/
vessel owners shall identify TSI and sprayed or troweled on surfacing
materials as asbestos-containing unless the employer, by complying with
paragraph (k)(5) of this section determines that the material is not
asbestos-containing. Asphalt or vinyl flooring/decking material
installed in buildings or vessels no later than 1980 must also be
considered as asbestos containing unless the employer/owner, pursuant to
paragraph (g)(8)(i)(I) of this section, determines it is not asbestos
containing. If the employer or building/vessel owner has actual
knowledge or should have known, through the exercise of due diligence,
that materials other than TSI and sprayed-on or troweled-on surfacing
materials are asbestos-containing, they must be treated as such. When
communicating information to employees pursuant to this standard, owners
and employers shall identify ``PACM'' as ACM. Additional requirements
relating to communication of asbestos work on multi- employer worksites
are set out in paragraph (d) of this standard.
(2) Duties of building/vessel and facility owners. (i) Before work
subject to this standard is begun, building/vessel and
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facility owners shall determine the presence, location, and quantity of
ACM and/or PACM at the work site pursuant to paragraph (k)(1) of this
section.
(ii) Building/vessel and/or facility owners shall notify the
following persons of the presence, location and quantity of ACM or PACM,
at work sites in their buildings/facilities/vessels. Notification either
shall be in writing or shall consist of a personal communication between
the owner and the person to whom notification must be given or their
authorized representatives:
(A) Prospective employers applying or bidding for work whose
employees reasonably can be expected to work in or adjacent to areas
containing such material;
(B) Employees of the owner who will work in or adjacent to areas
containing such material:
(C) On multi-employer worksites, all employers of employees who will
be performing work within or adjacent to areas containing such
materials;
(D) Tenants who will occupy areas containing such materials.
(3) Duties of employers whose employees perform work subject to this
standard in or adjacent to areas containing ACM and PACM. Building/
vessel and facility owners whose employees perform such work shall
comply with these provisions to the extent applicable.
(i) Before work in areas containing ACM and PACM is begun, employers
shall identify the presence, location, and quantity of ACM, and/or PACM
therein pursuant to paragraph (k)(1) of this section.
(ii) Before work under this standard is performed employers of
employees who will perform such work shall inform the following persons
of the location and quantity of ACM and/or PACM present at the worksite
and the precautions to be taken to ensure that airborne asbestos is
confined to the area.
(iii) Within 10 days of the completion of such work, the employer
whose employees have performed work subject to this standard, shall
inform the building/vessel or facility owner and employers of employees
who will be working in the area of the current location and quantity of
PACM and/or ACM remaining in the former regulated area and final
monitoring results, if any.
(4) In addition to the above requirements, all employers who
discover ACM and/or PACM on a work site shall convey information
concerning the presence, location and quantity of such newly discovered
ACM and/or PACM to the owner and to other employers of employees working
at the work site, within 24 hours of the discovery.
(5) Criteria to rebut the designation of installed material as PACM.
(i) At any time, an employer and/or building/vessel owner may
demonstrate, for purposes of this standard, that PACM does not contain
asbestos. Building/vessel owners and/or employers are not required to
communicate information about the presence of building material for
which such a demonstration pursuant to the requirements of paragraph
(k)(5)(ii) of this section has been made. However, in all such cases,
the information, data and analysis supporting the determination that
PACM does not contain asbestos, shall be retained pursuant to paragraph
(n) of this section.
(ii) An employer or owner may demonstrate that PACM does not contain
more than 1% asbestos by the following:
(A) Having completed an inspection conducted pursuant to the
requirements of AHERA (40 CFR part 763, subpart E) which demonstrates
that the material is not ACM; or
(B) Performing tests of the material containing PACM which
demonstrate that no ACM is present in the material. Such tests shall
include analysis of bulk samples collected in the manner described in 40
CFR 763.86. The tests, evaluation and sample collection shall be
conducted by an accredited inspector or by a CIH. Analysis of samples
shall be performed by persons or laboratories with proficiency
demonstrated by current successful participation in a nationally
recognized testing program such as the National Voluntary Laboratory
Accreditation Program (NVLAP) or the National Institute for Standards
and Technology (NIST) or the Round Robin for bulk samples administered
by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), or an equivalent
nationally-recognized round robin testing program..
[[Page 126]]
(iii) The employer and/or building/vessel owner may demonstrate that
flooring material including associated mastic and backing does not
contain asbestos, by a determination of an industrial hygienist based
upon recognized analytical techniques showing that the material is not
ACM.
(6) At the entrance to mechanical rooms/areas in which employees
reasonably can be expected to enter and which contain ACM and/or PACM,
the building/vessel owner shall post signs which identify the material
which is present, its location, and appropriate work practices which, if
followed, will ensure that ACM and/or PACM will not be disturbed. The
employer shall ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come
in contact with these signs can comprehend them. Means to ensure
employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages,
pictographs, graphics, and awareness training.
(7) Signs. (i) Warning signs that demarcate the regulated area shall
be provided and displayed at each location where a regulated area is
required to be established by paragraph (e) of this section. Signs shall
be posted at such a distance from such a location that an employee may
read the signs and take necessary protective steps before entering the
area marked by the signs.
(ii)(A) The warning signs required by paragraph (k)(7) of this
section shall bear the following information:
DANGER
ASBESTOS
CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
(B) In addition, where the use of respirators and protective
clothing is required in the regulated area under this section, the
warning signs shall include the following:
RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING ARE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA
(iii) The employer shall ensure that employees working in and
contiguous to regulated areas comprehend the warning signs required to
be posted by paragraph (k)(7)(i) of this section. Means to ensure
employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages,
pictographs and graphics.
(8) Labels. (i) Labels shall be affixed to all products containing
asbestos and to all containers containing such products, including waste
containers. Where feasible, installed asbestos products shall contain a
visible label.
(ii) Labels shall be printed in large, bold letters on a contrasting
background.
(iii) Labels shall be used in accordance with the requirements of 29
CFR 1910.1200(f) of OSHA's Hazard Communication standard, and shall
contain the following information:
DANGER
CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS
AVOID CREATING DUST
CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD
(iv) [Reserved]
(v) Labels shall contain a warning statement against breathing
asbestos fibers.
(vi) The provisions for labels required by paragraphs (k)(8) (i)
through (k)(8) (iii) of this section do not apply where:
(A) Asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating,
binder, or other material, provided that the manufacturer can
demonstrate that, during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling,
storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne
concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the permissible exposure
limit and/or excursion limit will be released, or
(B) Asbestos is present in a product in concentrations less than 1.0
percent.
(vii) When a building/vessel owner or employer identifies previously
installed PACM and/or ACM, labels or signs shall be affixed or posted so
that employees will be notified of what materials contain PACM and/or
ACM. The employer shall attach such labels in areas where they will
clearly be noticed by employees who are likely to be exposed, such as at
the entrance to mechanical room/areas. Signs required by paragraph
(k)(6) of this section may be posted in lieu of labels so long as they
[[Page 127]]
contain information required for labelling. The employer shall ensure,
to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these
signs or labels can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee
comprehension may include the use of foreign languages, pictographs,
graphics, and awareness training.
(9) Employee information and training. (i) The employer shall, at no
cost to the employee, institute a training program for all employees who
are likely to be exposed in excess of a PEL and for all employees who
perform Class I through IV asbestos operations, and shall ensure their
participation in the program.
(ii) Training shall be provided prior to or at the time of initial
assignment and at least annually thereafter.
(iii) Training for Class I operations and for Class II operations
that require the use of critical barriers (or equivalent isolation
methods) and/or negative pressure enclosures under this section shall be
the equivalent in curriculum, training method and length to the EPA
Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) asbestos abatement workers training (40
CFR part 763, subpart E, appendix C).
(iv) Training for other Class II work.
(A) For work with asbestos containing roofing materials, flooring
materials, siding materials, ceiling tiles, or transite panels, training
shall include at a minimum all the elements included in paragraph
(k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specific work
practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this
section which specifically relate to that category. Such course shall
include ``hands-on'' training and shall take at least 8 hours.
(B) An employee who works with more than one of the categories of
material specified in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section shall
receive training in the work practices applicable to each category of
material that the employee removes and each removal method that the
employee uses.
(C) For Class II operations not involving the categories of material
specified in paragraph (k)(9)(iv)(A) of this section, training shall be
provided which shall include at a minimum all the elements included in
paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section and in addition, the specific
work practices and engineering controls set forth in paragraph (g) of
this section which specifically relate to the category of material being
removed, and shall include ``hands-on'' training in the work practices
applicable to each category of material that the employee removes and
each removal method that the employee uses.
(v) Training for Class III employees shall be consistent with EPA
requirements for training of local education agency maintenance and
custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2). Such a course shall
also include ``hands-on'' training and shall take at least 16 hours.
Exception: For Class III operations for which the competent person
determines that the EPA curriculum does not adequately cover the
training needed to perform that activity, training shall include as a
minimum all the elements included in paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this
section and in addition, the specific work practices and engineering
controls set forth in paragraph (g) of this section which specifically
relate to that activity, and shall include ``hands-on'' training in the
work practices applicable to each category of material that the employee
disturbs.
(vi) Training for employees performing Class IV operations shall be
consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education agency
maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR 763.92(a)(1).
Such a course shall include available information concerning the
locations of thermal system insulation and surfacing ACM/PACM, and
asbestos-containing flooring material, or flooring material where the
absence of asbestos has not yet been certified; and instruction in the
recognition of damage, deterioration, and delamination of asbestos
containing building materials. Such a course shall take at least 2
hours.
(vii) Training for employees who are likely to be exposed in excess
of the PEL and who are not otherwise required to be trained under
paragraph (k)(9) (iii) through (vi) of this section, shall meet the
requirements of paragraph (k)(9)(viii) of this section.
[[Page 128]]
(viii) The training program shall be conducted in a manner that the
employee is able to understand. In addition to the content required by
the provisions in paragraphs (k)(9)(iii) through (vi) of this section,
the employer shall ensure that each such employee is informed of the
following:
(A) Methods of recognizing asbestos, including the requirement in
paragraph (k)(1) of this section to presume that certain building
materials contain asbestos;
(B) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure;
(C) The relationship between smoking and asbestos in producing lung
cancer;
(D) The nature of operations that could result in exposure to
asbestos, the importance of necessary protective controls to minimize
exposure including, as applicable, engineering controls, work practices,
respirators, housekeeping procedures, hygiene facilities, protective
clothing, decontamination procedures, emergency procedures, and waste
disposal procedures, and any necessary instruction in the use of these
controls and procedures; where Class III and IV work will be or is
performed, the contents of EPA 20T-2003, ``Managing Asbestos In-Place''
July 1990 or its equivalent in content;
(E) The purpose, proper use, fitting instructions, and limitations
of respirators as required by 29 CFR 1910.134;
(F) The appropriate work practices for performing the asbestos job;
(G) Medical surveillance program requirements;
(H) The content of this standard including appendices;
(I) The names, addresses and phone numbers of public health
organizations which provide information, materials and/or conduct
programs concerning smoking cessation. The employer may distribute the
list of such organizations contained in appendix J to this section, to
comply with this requirement; and
(J) The requirements for posting signs and affixing labels and the
meaning of the required legends for such signs and labels.
(10) Access to training materials. (i) The employer shall make
readily available to affected employees without cost, written materials
relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this
regulation.
(ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary and the
Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating
to the employee information and training program.
(iii) The employer shall inform all employees concerning the
availability of self-help smoking cessation program material. Upon
employee request, the employer shall distribute such material,
consisting of NIH Publication No, 89-1647, or equivalent self-help
material, which is approved or published by a public health organization
listed in appendix J to this section.
(l) Housekeeping--(1) Vacuuming. Where vacuuming methods are
selected, HEPA filtered vacuuming equipment must be used. The equipment
shall be used and emptied in a manner that minimizes the reentry of
asbestos into the workplace.
(2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers,
equipment, and contaminated clothing consigned for disposal shall be
collected and disposed of in sealed, labeled, impermeable bags or other
closed, labeled, impermeable containers except in roofing operations,
where the procedures specified in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of this section
apply.
(3) Care of asbestos-containing flooring/deck material. (i) All
vinyl and asphalt flooring/deck material shall be maintained in
accordance with this paragraph unless the building/facility owner
demonstrates, pursuant to paragraph (g)(8)(i)(I) of this section that
the flooring/deck does not contain asbestos.
(ii) Sanding of flooring/deck material is prohibited.
(iii) Stripping of finishes shall be conducted using low abrasion
pads at speeds lower than 300 rpm and wet methods.
(iv) Burnishing or dry buffing may be performed only on flooring/
deck which has sufficient finish so that the pad cannot contact the
flooring/deck material.
(4) Waste and debris and accompanying dust in an area containing
accessible thermal system insulation or
[[Page 129]]
surfacing ACM/PACM or visibly deteriorated ACM:
(i) Shall not be dusted or swept dry, or vacuumed without using a
HEPA filter;
(ii) Shall be promptly cleaned up and disposed of in leak tight
containers.
(m) Medical surveillance--(1) General--(i) Employees covered. (A)
The employer shall institute a medical surveillance program for all
employees who for a combined total of 30 or more days per year are
engaged in Class I, II and III work or are exposed at or above a
permissible exposure limit. For purposes of this paragraph, any day in
which a worker engages in Class II or Class III operations or a
combination thereof on intact material for one hour or less (taking into
account the entire time spent on the removal operation, including
cleanup) and, while doing so, adheres fully to the work practices
specified in this standard, shall not be counted.
(B) For employees otherwise required by this standard to wear a
negative pressure respirator, employers shall ensure employees are
physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. This
determination shall be made under the supervision of a physician.
(ii) Examination. (A) The employer shall ensure that all medical
examinations and procedures are performed by or under the supervision of
a licensed physician, and are provided at no cost to the employee and at
a reasonable time and place.
(B) Persons other than such licensed physicians who administer the
pulmonary function testing required by this section shall complete a
training course in spirometry sponsored by an appropriate academic or
professional institution.
(2) Medical examinations and consultations--(i) Frequency. The
employer shall make available medical examinations and consultations to
each employee covered under paragraph (m)(1)(i) of this section on the
following schedules:
(A) Prior to assignment of the employee to an area where negative-
pressure respirators are worn;
(B) When the employee is assigned to an area where exposure to
asbestos may be at or above the permissible exposure limit for 30 or
more days per year, or engage in Class I, II, or III work for a combined
total of 30 or more days per year, a medical examination must be given
within 10 working days following the thirtieth day of exposure;
(C) And at least annually thereafter.
(D) If the examining physician determines that any of the
examinations should be provided more frequently than specified, the
employer shall provide such examinations to affected employees at the
frequencies specified by the physician.
(E) Exception: No medical examination is required of any employee if
adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance
with this paragraph within the past 1-year period.
(ii) Content. Medical examinations made available pursuant to
paragraphs (m)(2)(i) (A) through (m)(2)(i) (C) of this section shall
include:
(A) A medical and work history with special emphasis directed to the
pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
(B) On initial examination, the standardized questionnaire contained
in part 1 of appendix D to this section and, on annual examination, the
abbreviated standardized questionnaire contained in part 2 of appendix D
to this section.
(C) A physical examination directed to the pulmonary and
gastrointestinal systems, including a chest x-ray to be administered at
the discretion of the physician, and pulmonary function tests of forced
vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at one second
(FEV(1)). Interpretation and classification of chest roentgenogram shall
be conducted in accordance with appendix E to this section.
(D) Any other examinations or tests deemed necessary by the
examining physician.
(3) Information provided to the physician. The employer shall
provide the following information to the examining physician:
(i) A copy of this standard and appendices D, E, and I to this
section;
(ii) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate
to the employee's exposure;
[[Page 130]]
(iii) The employee's representative exposure level or anticipated
exposure level;
(iv) A description of any personal protective and respiratory
equipment used or to be used; and
(v) Information from previous medical examinations of the affected
employee that is not otherwise available to the examining physician.
(4) Physician's written opinion. (i) The employer shall obtain a
written opinion from the examining physician. This written opinion shall
contain the results of the medical examination and shall include:
(A) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any
detected medical conditions that would place the employee at an
increased risk of material health impairment from exposure to asbestos;
(B) Any recommended limitations on the employee or on the use of
personal protective equipment such as respirators; and
(C) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician
of the results of the medical examination and of any medical conditions
that may result from asbestos exposure.
(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician
of the increased risk of lung cancer attributable to the combined effect
of smoking and asbestos exposure.
(ii) The employer shall instruct the physician not to reveal in the
written opinion given to the employer specific findings or diagnoses
unrelated to occupational exposure to asbestos.
(iii) The employer shall provide a copy of the physician's written
opinion to the affected employee within 30 days from its receipt.
(n) Recordkeeping--(1) Objective data relied on pursuant to
paragraph (f) of this section. (i) Where the employer has relied on
objective data that demonstrates that products made from or containing
asbestos or the activity involving such products or material are not
capable of releasing fibers of asbestos in concentrations at or above
the permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit under the expected
conditions of processing, use, or handling to satisfy the requirements
of paragraph (f) of this section, the employer shall establish and
maintain an accurate record of objective data reasonably relied upon in
support of the exemption.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The product qualifying for exemption;
(B) The source of the objective data;
(C) The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the
material for the release of asbestos;
(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support
the exemption; and
(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or
employee exposures covered by the exemption.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of
the employer's reliance upon such objective data.
(2) Exposure measurements. (i) The employer shall keep an accurate
record of all measurements taken to monitor employee exposure to
asbestos as prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section. Note: The
employer may utilize the services of qualified organizations such as
industry trade associations and employee associations to maintain the
records required by this section.
(ii) This record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The date of measurement;
(B) The operation involving exposure to asbestos that is being
monitored;
(C) Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their
accuracy;
(D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken;
(E) Type of protective devices worn, if any; and
(F) Name, social security number, and exposure of the employees
whose exposures are represented.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for at least thirty
(30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(3) Medical surveillance. (i) The employer shall establish and
maintain an accurate record for each employee subject to medical
surveillance by paragraph (m) of this section, in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.20.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
[[Page 131]]
(A) The name and social security number of the employee;
(B) A copy of the employee's medical examination results, including
the medical history, questionnaire responses, results of any tests, and
physician's recommendations.
(C) Physician's written opinions;
(D) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to asbestos;
and
(E) A copy of the information provided to the physician as required
by paragraph (m) of this section.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that this record is maintained for
the duration of employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29
CFR 1910.20.
(4) Training records. The employer shall maintain all employee
training records for one (1) year beyond the last date of employment by
that employer.
(5) Data to rebut PACM. (i) Where the building owner and employer
have relied on data to demonstrate that PACM is not asbestos-containing,
such data shall be maintained for as long as they are relied upon to
rebut the presumption.
(ii) [Reserved]
(6) Records of required notification. (i) Where the building/vessel
owner has communicated and received information concerning the identity,
location and quantity of ACM and PACM, written records of such
notifications and their content shall be maintained by the owner for the
duration of ownership and shall be transferred to successive owners of
such buildings/facilities/vessels.
(ii) [Reserved]
(7) Availability. (i) The employer, upon written request, shall make
all records required to be maintained by this section available to the
Assistant Secretary and the Director for examination and copying.
(ii) The employer, upon request, shall make any exposure records
required by paragraphs (f) and (n) of this section available for
examination and copying to affected employees, former employees,
designated representatives, and the Assistant Secretary, in accordance
with 29 CFR 1910.20(a) through (e) and (g) through (i).
(iii) The employer, upon request, shall make employee medical
records required by paragraphs (m) and (n) of this section available for
examination and copying to the subject employee, anyone having the
specific written consent of the subject employee, and the Assistant
Secretary, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(8) Transfer of records. (i) The employer shall comply with the
requirements concerning transfer of records set forth in 29 CFR 1910.20
(h).
(ii) Whenever the employer ceases to do business and there is no
successor employer to receive and retain the records for the prescribed
period, the employer shall notify the Director at least 90 days prior to
disposal and, upon request, transmit them to the Director.
(o) Qualified person--(1) General. On all shipyard worksites covered
by this standard, the employer shall designate a qualified person,
having the qualifications and authority for ensuring worker safety and
health required by subpart C, General Safety and Health Provisions for
Construction (29 CFR 1926.20 through 1926.32).
(2) Required inspections by the qualified person. Sec. 1926.20(b)(2)
which requires health and safety prevention programs to provide for
frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, materials, and
equipment to be made by qualified persons, is incorporated.
(3) Additional inspections. In addition, the qualified person shall
make frequent and regular inspections of the job sites, in order to
perform the duties set out in paragraph (o)(3)(i) of this section. For
Class I jobs, on-site inspections shall be made at least once during
each work shift, and at any time at employee request. For Class II, III
and IV jobs, on-site inspections shall be made at intervals sufficient
to assess whether conditions have changed, and at any reasonable time at
employee request.
(i) On all worksites where employees are engaged in Class I or II
asbestos work, the qualified person designated in accordance with
paragraph (e)(6) of this section shall perform or supervise the
following duties, as applicable:
(A) Set up the regulated area, enclosure, or other containment;
[[Page 132]]
(B) Ensure (by on-site inspection) the integrity of the enclosure or
containment;
(C) Set up procedures to control entry to and exit from the
enclosure and/or area;
(D) Supervise all employee exposure monitoring required by this
section and ensure that it is conducted as required by paragraph (f) of
this section;
(E) Ensure that employees working within the enclosure and/or using
glove bags wear respirators and protective clothing as required by
paragraphs (h) and (i) of this section;
(F) Ensure through on-site supervision, that employees set up, use,
and remove engineering controls, use work practices and personal
protective equipment in compliance with all requirements;
(G) Ensure that employees use the hygiene facilities and observe the
decontamination procedures specified in paragraph (j) of this section;
(H) Ensure that through on-site inspection, engineering controls are
functioning properly and employees are using proper work practices; and
(I) Ensure that notification requirements in paragraph (k) of this
section are met.
(4) Training for the competent person. (i) For Class I and II
asbestos work the qualified person shall be trained in all aspects of
asbestos removal and handling, including: Abatement, installation,
removal and handling; the contents of this standard; the identification
of asbestos; removal procedures, where appropriate; and other practices
for reducing the hazard. Such training shall be obtained in a
comprehensive course for supervisors, that meets the criteria of EPA's
Model Accreditation Plan (40 CFR part 763, subpart E, appendix C), such
as a course conducted by an EPA-approved or state-approved training
provider, certified by EPA or a state, or a course equivalent in
stringency, content, and length.
(ii) For Class III and IV asbestos work, the qualified person shall
be trained in aspects of asbestos handling appropriate for the nature of
the work, to include procedures for setting up glove bags and mini-
enclosures, practices for reducing asbestos exposures, use of wet
methods, the contents of this standard, and the identification of
asbestos. Such training shall include successful completion of a course
that is consistent with EPA requirements for training of local education
agency maintenance and custodial staff as set forth at 40 CFR
763.92(a)(2), or its equivalent in stringency, content, and length.
Qualified persons for Class III and Class IV work may also be trained
pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (o)(4)(i) of this section.
(p) Appendices. (1) Appendices A, C, D, and E to this section are
incorporated as part of this section and the contents of these
appendices are mandatory.
(2) Appendices B, F, H, I, J, and K to this section are
informational and are not intended to create any additional obligations
not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.
(q) Dates. (1) This standard shall become effective October 11,
1994.
(2) The provisions of 29 CFR 1926.58 and 29 CFR 1910.1001 remain in
effect until the start-up dates of the equivalent provisions of this
standard.
(3) Start-up dates. All obligations of this standard commence on the
effective date except as follows:
(i) Methods of compliance. The engineering and work practice
controls required by paragraph (g) of this section shall be implemented
by October 1, 1995.
(ii) Respiratory protection. Respiratory protection required by
paragraph (h) of this section shall be provided by October 1, 1995.
(iii) Hygiene facilities and practices for employees. Hygiene
facilities and practices required by paragraph (j) of this section shall
be provided by October 1, 1995.
(iv) Communication of hazards. Identification, notification,
labeling and sign posting, and training required by paragraph (k) of
this section shall be provided by October 1, 1995.
(v) Housekeeping. Housekeeping practices and controls required by
paragraph (1) of this section shall be provided by October 1, 1995.
(vi) Medical surveillance required by paragraph (m) of this section
shall be provided by October 1, 1995.
(vii) The designation and training of qualified persons required by
paragraph
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(o) of this section shall be completed by October 1, 1995.
Appendix A to Sec. 1915.1001--OSHA Reference Method (Mandatory)
This mandatory appendix specifies the procedure for analyzing air
samples for asbestos, and specifies quality control procedures that must
be implemented by laboratories performing the analysis. The sampling and
analytical methods described below represent the elements of the
available monitoring methods (such as appendix B to this section, the
most current version of the OSHA method ID-160, or the most current
version of the NIOSH Method 7400) which OSHA considers to be essential
to achieve adequate employee exposure monitoring while allowing
employers to use methods that are already established within their
organizations. All employers who are required to conduct air monitoring
under paragraph (f) of this section are required to utilize analytical
laboratories that use this procedure, or an equivalent method, for
collecting and analyzing samples.
Sampling and Analytical Procedure
1. The sampling medium for air samples shall be mixed cellulose
ester filter membranes. These shall be designated by the manufacturer as
suitable for asbestos counting. See below for rejection of blanks.
2. The preferred collection device shall be the 25-mm diameter
cassette with an open-faced 50-mm extension cowl. The 37-mm cassette may
be used if necessary but only if written justification for the need to
use the 37-mm filter cassette accompanies the sample results in the
employee's exposure monitoring record. Other cassettes such as the Bell-
mouth may be used within the limits of their validation. Do not reuse or
reload cassettes for asbestos sample collection.
3. An air flow rate between 0.5 liter/min and 5 liters/min shall be
selected for the 25-mm cassette. If the 37-mm cassette is used, an air
flow rate between 1 liter/min and 5 liters/min shall be selected.
4. Where possible, a sufficient air volume for each air sample shall
be collected to yield between 100 and 1,300 fibers per square millimeter
on the membrane filter. If a filter darkens in appearance or if loose
dust is seen on the filter, a second sample shall be started.
5. Ship the samples in a rigid container with sufficient packing
material to prevent dislodging the collected fibers. Packing material
that has a high electrostatic charge on its surface (e.g., expanded
polystyrene) cannot be used because such material can cause loss of
fibers to the sides of the cassette.
6. Calibrate each personal sampling pump before and after use with a
representative filter cassette installed between the pump and the
calibration devices.
7. Personal samples shall be taken in the ``breathing zone'' of the
employee (i.e., attached to or near the collar or lapel near the
worker's face).
8. Fiber counts shall be made by positive phase contrast using a
microscope with an 8 to 10 X eyepiece and a 40 to 45 X objective for a
total magnification of approximately 400 X and a numerical aperture of
0.65 to 0.75. The microscope shall also be fitted with a green or blue
filter.
9. The microscope shall be fitted with a Walton-Beckett eyepiece
graticule calibrated for a field diameter of 100 micrometers
(2 micrometers).
10. The phase-shift detection limit of the microscope shall be about
3 degrees measured using the HSE phase shift test slide as outlined
below.
a. Place the test slide on the microscope stage and center it under
the phase objective.
b. Bring the blocks of grooved lines into focus.
Note: The slide consists of seven sets of grooved lines (ca. 20
grooves to each block) in descending order of visibility from sets 1 to
7, seven being the least visible. The requirements for asbestos,
tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite counting are that the
microscope optics must resolve the grooved lines in set 3 completely,
although they may appear somewhat faint, and that the grooved lines in
sets 6 and 7 must be invisible. Sets 4 and 5 must be at least partially
visible but may vary slightly in visibility between microscopes. A
microscope that fails to meet these requirements has either too low or
too high a resolution to be used for asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite,
and actinolite counting.
c. If the image deteriorates, clean and adjust the microscope
optics. If the problem persists, consult the microscope manufacturer.
11. Each set of samples taken will include 10% field blanks or a
minimum of 2 field blanks. These blanks must come from the same lot as
the filters used for sample collection. The field blank results shall be
averaged and subtracted from the analytical results before reporting. A
set consists of any sample or group of samples for which an evaluation
for this standard must be made. Any samples represented by a field blank
having a fiber count in excess of the detection limit of the method
being used shall be rejected.
12. The samples shall be mounted by the acetone/triacetin method or
a method with an equivalent index of refraction and similar clarity.
13. Observe the following counting rules.
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a. Count only fibers equal to or longer than 5 micrometers. Measure
the length of curved fibers along the curve.
b. In the absence of other information, count all particles as
asbestos that have a length-to-width ratio (aspect ratio) of 3 to 1 or
greater.
c. Fibers lying entirely within the boundary of the Walton-Beckett
graticule field shall receive a count of 1. Fibers crossing the boundary
once, having one end within the circle, shall receive the count of one
half (\1/2\). Do not count any fiber that crosses the graticule boundary
more than once. Reject and do not count any other fibers even though
they may be visible outside the graticule area.
d. Count bundles of fibers as one fiber unless individual fibers can
be identified by observing both ends of an individual fiber.
e. Count enough graticule fields to yield 100 fibers. Count a
minimum of 20 fields; stop counting at 100 fields regardless of fiber
count.
14. Blind recounts shall be conducted at the rate of 10 percent.
Quality Control Procedures
1. Intra-laboratory program. Each laboratory and/or each company
with more than one microscopist counting slides shall establish a
statistically designed quality assurance program involving blind
recounts and comparisons between microscopists to monitor the
variability of counting by each microscopist and between microscopists.
In a company with more than one laboratory, the program shall include
all laboratories and shall also evaluate the laboratory-to-laboratory
variability.
2. a. Interlaboratory program. Each laboratory analyzing asbestos,
tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite samples for compliance
determination shall implement an interlaboratory quality assurance
program that as a minimum includes participation of at least two other
independent laboratories. Each laboratory shall participate in round
robin testing at least once every 6 months with at least all the other
laboratories in its interlaboratory quality assurance group. Each
laboratory shall submit slides typical of its own work load for use in
this program. The round robin shall be designed and results analyzed
using appropriate statistical methodology.
b. All laboratories should participate in a national sample testing
scheme such as the Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (PAT), the
Asbestos Registry sponsored by the American Industrial Hygiene
Association (AIHA).
3. All individuals performing asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite,
and actinolite analysis must have taken the NIOSH course for sampling
and evaluating airborne asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and
actinolite dust or an equivalent course.
4. When the use of different microscopes contributes to differences
between counters and laboratories, the effect of the different
microscope shall be evaluated and the microscope shall be replaced, as
necessary.
5. Current results of these quality assurance programs shall be
posted in each laboratory to keep the microscopists informed.
Appendix B to Sec. 1915.1001--Detailed Procedures for Asbestos Sampling
and Analysis (Non-mandatory)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matrix: Air
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits:
Time Weighted Average............... 0.1 fiber/cc
Excursion Level (30 minutes)........ 1.0 fiber/cc
Collection Procedure:
A known volume of air is drawn through a 25-mm diameter cassette
containing a mixed-cellulose ester filter. The cassette must be equipped
with an electrically conductive 50-mm extension cowl. The sampling time
and rate are chosen to give a fiber density of between 100 to 1,300
fibers/mm\2\ on the filter.
Recommended Sampling Rate............... 0.5 to 5.0 liters/minute (L/
min)
Recommended Air Volumes:
Minimum............................. 25 L
Maximum............................. 2,400 L
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Analytical Procedure: A portion of the sample filter is cleared and
prepared for asbestos fiber counting by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM)
at 400X.
Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are
for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-
OSHA. Similar products from other sources can be substituted.
1. Introduction
This method describes the collection of airborne asbestos fibers
using calibrated sampling pumps with mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filters
and analysis by phase contrast microscopy (PCM). Some terms used are
unique to this method and are defined below: Asbestos: A term for
naturally occurring fibrous minerals. Asbestos includes chrysotile,
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crocidolite, amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos), tremolite
asbestos, actinolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, and any of these
minerals that have been chemically treated and/or altered. The precise
chemical formulation of each species will vary with the location from
which it was mined. Nominal compositions are listed:
Chrysotile................................ Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
Crocidolite............................... Na2Fe32+Fe23+Si8O22(OH)2
Amosite................................... (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2
Tremolite-actinolite...................... Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Anthophyllite............................. (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2
Asbestos Fiber: A fiber of asbestos which meets the criteria
specified below for a fiber.
Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the length of a fiber to it's diameter
(e.g. 3:1, 5:1 aspect ratios).
Cleavage Fragments: Mineral particles formed by comminution of
minerals, especially those characterized by parallel sides and a
moderate aspect ratio (usually less than 20:1).
Detection Limit: The number of fibers necessary to be 95% certain
that the result is greater than zero.
Differential Counting: The term applied to the practice of excluding
certain kinds of fibers from the fiber count because they do not appear
to be asbestos.
Fiber: A particle that is 5 [mu] m or longer, with a length-to-width
ratio of 3 to 1 or longer.
Field: The area within the graticule circle that is superimposed on
the microscope image.
Set: The samples which are taken, submitted to the laboratory,
analyzed, and for which, interim or final result reports are generated.
Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite: The non-asbestos form of
these minerals which meet the definition of a fiber. It includes any of
these minerals that have been chemically treated and/or altered.
Walton-Beckett Graticule: An eyepiece graticule specifically
designed for asbestos fiber counting. It consists of a circle with a
projected diameter of 100 2 [mu] m (area of about 0.00785
mm\2\) with a crosshair having tic-marks at 3-[mu] m intervals in one
direction and 5-[mu] m in the orthogonal direction. There are marks
around the periphery of the circle to demonstrate the proper sizes and
shapes of fibers. This design is reproduced in figure 1. The disk is
placed in one of the microscope eyepieces so that the design is
superimposed on the field of view.
1.1. History
Early surveys to determine asbestos exposures were conducted using
impinger counts of total dust with the counts expressed as million
particles per cubic foot. The British Asbestos Research Council
recommended filter membrane counting in 1969. In July 1969, the Bureau
of Occupational Safety and Health published a filter membrane method for
counting asbestos fibers in the United States. This method was refined
by NIOSH and published as P & CAM 239. On May 29, 1971, OSHA specified
filter membrane sampling with phase contrast counting for evaluation of
asbestos exposures at work sites in the United States. The use of this
technique was again required by OSHA in 1986. Phase contrast microscopy
has continued to be the method of choice for the measurement of
occupational exposure to asbestos.
1.2. Principle
Air is drawn through a MCE filter to capture airborne asbestos
fibers. A wedge shaped portion of the filter is removed, placed on a
glass microscope slide and made transparent. A measured area (field) is
viewed by PCM. All the fibers meeting defined criteria for asbestos are
counted and considered a measure of the airborne asbestos concentration.
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages
There are four main advantages of PCM over other methods:
(1) The technique is specific for fibers. Phase contrast is a fiber
counting technique which excludes non-fibrous particles from the
analysis.
(2) The technique is inexpensive and does not require specialized
knowledge to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts.
(3) The analysis is quick and can be performed on-site for rapid
determination of air concentrations of asbestos fibers.
(4) The technique has continuity with historical epidemiological
studies so that estimates of expected disease can be inferred from long-
term determinations of asbestos exposures.
The main disadvantage of PCM is that it does not positively identify
asbestos fibers. Other fibers which are not asbestos may be included in
the count unless differential counting is performed. This requires a
great deal of experience to adequately differentiate asbestos from non-
asbestos fibers. Positive identification of asbestos must be performed
by polarized light or electron microscopy techniques. A further
disadvantage of PCM is that the smallest visible fibers are about 0.2
[mu] m in diameter while the finest asbestos fibers may be as small as
0.02 [mu] m in diameter. For some exposures, substantially more fibers
may be present than are actually counted.
1.4. Workplace Exposure
Asbestos is used by the construction industry in such products as
shingles, floor tiles,
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asbestos cement, roofing felts, insulation and acoustical products. Non-
construction uses include brakes, clutch facings, paper, paints,
plastics, and fabrics. One of the most significant exposures in the
workplace is the removal and encapsulation of asbestos in schools,
public buildings, and homes. Many workers have the potential to be
exposed to asbestos during these operations.
About 95% of the asbestos in commercial use in the United States is
chrysotile. Crocidolite and amosite make up most of the remainder.
Anthophyllite and tremolite or actinolite are likely to be encountered
as contaminants in various industrial products.
1.5. Physical Properties
Asbestos fiber possesses a high tensile strength along its axis, is
chemically inert, non-combustible, and heat resistant. It has a high
electrical resistance and good sound absorbing properties. It can be
weaved into cables, fabrics or other textiles, and also matted into
asbestos papers, felts, or mats.
2. Range and Detection Limit
2.1. The ideal counting range on the filter is 100 to 1,300 fibers/
mm\2\. With a Walton-Beckett graticule this range is equivalent to 0.8
to 10 fibers/field. Using NIOSH counting statistics, a count of 0.8
fibers/field would give an approximate coefficient of variation (CV) of
0.13.
2.2. The detection limit for this method is 4.0 fibers per 100
fields or 5.5 fibers/mm\2\. This was determined using an equation to
estimate the maximum CV possible at a specific concentration (95%
confidence) and a Lower Control Limit of zero. The CV value was then
used to determine a corresponding concentration from historical CV vs
fiber relationships. As an example:
Lower Control Limit (95% Confidence) = AC--1.645(CV)(AC)
Where:
AC = Estimate of the airborne fiber concentration (fibers/cc) Setting
the Lower Control Limit = 0 and solving for CV:
0 = AC--1.645(CV)(AC)
CV = 0.61
This value was compared with CV vs. count curves. The count at which
CV = 0.61 for Leidel-Busch counting statistics (8.9.) or for an OSHA
Salt Lake Technical Center (OSHA-SLTC) CV curve (see appendix A for
further information) was 4.4 fibers or 3.9 fibers per 100 fields,
respectively. Although a lower detection limit of 4 fibers per 100
fields is supported by the OSHA-SLTC data, both data sets support the
4.5 fibers per 100 fields value.
3. Method Performance--Precision and Accuracy
Precision is dependent upon the total number of fibers counted and
the uniformity of the fiber distribution on the filter. A general rule
is to count at least 20 and not more than 100 fields. The count is
discontinued when 100 fibers are counted, provided that 20 fields have
already been counted. Counting more than 100 fibers results in only a
small gain in precision. As the total count drops below 10 fibers, an
accelerated loss of precision is noted.
At this time, there is no known method to determine the absolute
accuracy of the asbestos analysis. Results of samples prepared through
the Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program and analyzed by the
OSHA-SLTC showed no significant bias when compared to PAT reference
values. The PAT samples were analyzed from 1987 to 1989 (N=36) and the
concentration range was from 120 to 1,300 fibers/mm\2\.
4. Interferences
Fibrous substances, if present, may interfere with asbestos
analysis.
Some common fibers are:
fiberglass
anhydrate
plant fibers
perlite veins
gypsum
some synthetic fibers
membrane structures
sponge spicules
diatoms
microorganism
wollastonite
The use of electron microscopy or optical tests such as polarized
light, and dispersion staining may be used to differentiate these
materials from asbestos when necessary.
5. Sampling
5.1. Equipment
5.1.1. Sample assembly (The assembly is shown in figure 3).
Conductive filter holder consisting of a 25-mm diameter, 3-piece
cassette having a 50-mm long electrically conductive extension cowl.
Backup pad, 25-mm, cellulose. Membrane filter, mixed-cellulose ester
(MCE), 25-mm, plain, white, 0.4 to 1.2-[mu] m pore size.
Notes: (a) DO NOT RE-USE CASSETTES.
(b) Fully conductive cassettes are required to reduce fiber loss to
the sides of the cassette due to electrostatic attraction.
(c) Purchase filters which have been selected by the manufacturer
for asbestos counting or analyze representative filters for fiber
background before use. Discard the filter lot if more than 4 fibers/100
fields are found.
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(d) To decrease the possibility of contamination, the sampling
system (filter-backup pad-cassette) for asbestos is usually preassembled
by the manufacturer.
(e) Other cassettes, such as the Bell-mouth, may be used within the
limits of their validation.
5.1.2. Gel bands for sealing cassettes.
5.1.3. Sampling pump.
Each pump must be a battery operated, self-contained unit small
enough to be placed on the monitored employee and not interfere with the
work being performed. The pump must be capable of sampling at the
collection rate for the required sampling time.
5.1.4. Flexible tubing, 6-mm bore.
5.1.5. Pump calibration.
Stopwatch and bubble tube/burette or electronic meter.
5.2. Sampling Procedure
5.2.1. Seal the point where the base and cowl of each cassette meet
with a gel band or tape.
5.2.2. Charge the pumps completely before beginning.
5.2.3. Connect each pump to a calibration cassette with an
appropriate length of 6-mm bore plastic tubing. Do not use luer
connectors--the type of cassette specified above has built-in adapters.
5.2.4. Select an appropriate flow rate for the situation being
monitored. The sampling flow rate must be between 0.5 and 5.0 L/min for
personal sampling and is commonly set between 1 and 2 L/min. Always
choose a flow rate that will not produce overloaded filters.
5.2.5. Calibrate each sampling pump before and after sampling with a
calibration cassette in-line (Note: This calibration cassette should be
from the same lot of cassettes used for sampling). Use a primary
standard (e.g. bubble burette) to calibrate each pump. If possible,
calibrate at the sampling site.
Note: If sampling site calibration is not possible, environmental
influences may affect the flow rate. The extent is dependent on the type
of pump used. Consult with the pump manufacturer to determine dependence
on environmental influences. If the pump is affected by temperature and
pressure changes, correct the flow rate by using the formula shown in
the section ``Sampling Pump Flow Rate Corrections'' at the end of this
appendix.
5.2.6. Connect each pu